biology honors unit 2 review

organic compound

a compound containing Carbon (C)

inorganic compound

a compound WITHOUT Carbon (C)

macromolecule

a large molecule made up of a smaller subunit molecule; body breaks them down; essential for survival

polymerization

when monomers join together to form a polymer

monomer

one unit of a macromolecule

polymer

strand of many monomers

4 main macromolecule types

carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acids

covalent bonds

bonds that bind multiple monomers together to form a polymer

carbohydrates

an organic macromolecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C, H, O); QUICK energy; SUGARS

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide (1 sugar)

polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharide (many sugars)

dehydration synthesis

REMOVES a molecule of WATER to BUILD a polymer by joining monomers

hydrolysis

ADDS a molecule o WATER to BREAK a polymer into separate monomers

carbohydrates shape

hexagon

use of carbohydrates in animals

store excess sugar in the form of GLYCOGEN in case the body needs it; stored in livers/muscles

use of carbohydrates in plants

store excess sugar in for energy in the form of STARCH; use tough/flexible fibers called cellulose for cell wall (strength + rigidity)

use of carbohydrates in plants and animals

glucose is the main source of energy

lipids

organic macromolecules made of C,H,O; fats; LONG-TERM ENERGY storage, formation of CELL MEMBRANES, and body insulation

3 types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

triglyceride

type of lipid used for energy storage; made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (tri = 3)

phospholipids

type of lipid used to form new cell membranes; made of 1 glycerol, a phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids

examples of lipids

butter, oils, waxes

examples of carbohydrates

glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose (usually end in -ose)

saturated fats

BAD fats (ex: butter), solid at room temp, Carbon joined with Carbon with a single bond, looks straight

unsaturated fats

GOOD fats (ex: oils), liquid at room temp, Carbon joined with Carbon with AT LEAST ONE DOUBLE bond, bends