CHAPTER 12:

What hormones control blood pressure?

Hormones such as adrenaline, aldosterone, and angiotensin regulate blood pressure.

What is the control center of the brain?

The hypothalamus acts as the control center of the brain.

What are the manifestations of left-sided vs right-sided heart failure?

Left-sided heart failure often leads to fluid accumulation in the lungs, while right-sided heart failure leads to fluid buildup in the body.

What is the purpose of the epicardium?

The epicardium provides a protective layer for the heart.

Cardiac Output vs Stroke Volume

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute while stroke volume is the amount pumped per heartbeat.

What does diastolic pressure and systolic pressure represent?

Diastolic pressure measures blood pressure when the heart is at rest, and systolic pressure measures it during heartbeats.

What are the signs of cardiac arrest?

Signs include loss of consciousness, no heartbeat (no conduction), and no breathing.

Which heart infection is associated with beta strep?

Rheumatic fever is associated with beta strep.

What is angina?

Angina is chest pain due to partial blockage of the coronary arteries.

What is collateral circulation?

Collateral circulation is the alternative circulation in the body that develops to bypass blocked vessels.

What is cardiac reserve?

Cardiac reserve is the heart's ability to increase its output above normal levels during stress or increased activity.

What is the electric pathway in the heart?

It involves structures like the SA node and AV node that help synchronize heart contractions.

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR).

What tissues are in the lymphatic system?

Tissues include lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

What age group is most affected by Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

Typically, Hodgkin's Lymphoma affects young adults, primarily those between 15 and 40 years of age.

What is Castleman disease?

Castleman disease is a rare disorder involving an overgrowth of cells in the lymphatic system.

Why do lymph nodes become enlarged?

Lymph nodes become enlarged in response to infections or when filtering particles like pathogens through phagocytosis.

What are the late symptoms of multiple myeloma?

Late symptoms can include bone pain, fatigue, and frequent infections.

What are the signs and symptoms of lymphoma?

Symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss.

What is the most common disease involving lymph node inflammation?

Lymphadenitis is the most common disease involving inflammation of lymph nodes.

What does lymphatic fluid look like?

Lymphatic fluid can appear clear, bloody, or contain fat, depending on its composition.

What is a Reed-Sternberg cell?

Reed-Sternberg cells are abnormal giant cells found in Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

What is the function of the thymus gland?

The thymus gland plays a critical role in the development of T lymphocytes (T cells) involved in immune response.

Define DIC and Von Willebrand disease.

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) is a serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting; Von Willebrand disease is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor.

What is polycythemia?

Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells, leading to higher blood viscosity.

What are the manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?

Signs include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

What does anemia do to the body?

Anemia reduces the capacity of blood to transport oxygen, leading to fatigue and weakness.

Define hematocrit and hemoglobin.

Hematocrit is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells, while hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

What are universal donors and recipients?

Type O negative is the universal donor, while Type AB positive is the universal recipient.

What happens if someone receives the wrong blood type?

Receiving the wrong blood type can cause severe immune reactions, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and in severe cases, shock.

What are general manifestations of anemia?

Common manifestations include fatigue, pallor, dizziness, and increased heart rate.

What are the different types of anemia and their vitamin deficiencies?

Types include iron deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency anemia, and folate deficiency anemia.

What is leukemia?

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects blood-forming tissues, leading to high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.

What is pancytopenia?

Pancytopenia is a condition characterized by a reduction in red and white blood cells, and platelets.

What is sickle cell disease?

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder causing the production of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to rigid and sickle-shaped red blood cells that can block blood flow.

What are microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes?

These are red blood cells that are smaller than normal (microcytic) and have reduced hemoglobin content (hypochromic).

What are the signs and symptoms of Grave's disease?

Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and bulging eyes.

What are the effects of Addison’s disease?

Addison's disease can cause fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation.

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What hormone causes the imbalance in diabetes insipidus?

A lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the imbalance in diabetes insipidus.

What is ADH syndrome?

ADH syndrome, also known as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), is due to excessive release of ADH, leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.

What are the compensatory mechanisms seen in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Compensatory mechanisms include increased respiration and increased excretion of ketones and acids through urine.

What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

Symptoms include weight gain, round face, and easy bruising.

What are the causes of goiters?

Goiters can be caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases (like Graves' disease), or certain medications.