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Substances which are bonded covalently can either be…
Simple molecular or giant covalent
Properties of simple molecular substances
-very strong covalent bonds
-weak intermolecular forces of attraction
-low melting and boiling points
-dont conduct because there are no ions
Properties of giant covalent structures
-strong covalent bonds
-high melting and boiling points
-dont conduct electricity (not even when molten)
-insoluble in water
What are the three giant covalent structures
Diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide (silica)
Structure of diamond
Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds, it has a very rigid covalent structure
Structure of graphite
Each carbon atom has 3 covalent bonds, its in layers which can slide over eachother and is the only non metal which can conduct electricity (hawk tuah to that !)
Structure of silicon dioxide
It is what sand is made of, one grain is equivalent to one giant covalent structure- we can melt it with salt and limestone to form glass
What are the four types of bonding
Simple molecular, giant covalent, metallic and….the one and only IONIC (what an absolute smash) (standing ovulation or whatever 🤷♀)
Why can metallic structures conduct?
They are made up of seas of delocalised electrons which are able to move freely (meaning that they can carry charge)
What is a nanoparticle babygirl?
Really tiny particles, 1-100 nm across (Nanometers)
Whats a freaky fullerene?
molecules of carbon shaped like a hollow ball or closed tube
Whats the structure of a fullerene?
Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with its neighbours, leaving some free electrons which can conduct electricity ⚡️
Whats the smallest fullerene?
Buck-minister fullerene ( C60 )
Properties of nanoparticles
-industrial catalysts
- very specific qualities which can allow them to be used for things like sensors and water purifiers (real sigmas drink mud water with bugs in it, its just extra protein imo)
An ionic bond is where…
Atoms lose or gain electrons to form charged particles (ions) which are strongly attracted to eachother (opposite charges)
While the left hand side of the period table wants to lose electrons (they have one or two in their outer shell)…
Elements in groups 6 & 7 want to gain- both want a full outer shell to be STABLE
Features of ionic bonds:
-high melting and boiling points due to strong CHEMICAL bonds
-they dissolve to form conductive solutions (the ions separate and can move freely)
-they can conduct when molten
-always form giant structures
How do you calculate atom economy?
Total Mr of desired product / total Mr of all reactants X100!!
Equation for percentage yield:
Mass of actual product / theoretical mass
X100
What is bioleaching honey?
Bioleaching is a process that uses microorganisms to extract metals from ores
Steps in bioleaching
1. Bacteria Introduced
2. Bacterial Oxidation
3. Metal Ion Leaching
4. Solution Collection
5. Metal Extraction
6. Processing & Refining
Pros of bioleaching
-sustainable and renewable process
-reduces mining waste
- extracts metal from low grade ores which would not be typically used
Cons of bioleaching
-slow, can take weeks or months (how it feels waiting for my shein order)
-lower yield compared to smelting
-produces acidic waste
Isotope
Isotopes
An isotope refers to different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons (same atomic number) but a different number of neutrons
What is electrolysis?
Electrolysis is a process where electricity is used to break down a compound into its elements or simpler compounds.
Endothermic
 refers to a process or reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Exothermic
Absorbing heat
Abogadros constant
Avogadro’s constant is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in one mole of a substance. Its value is 6.022 × 10²³ per mole.
Transition metals properties
high densities and strength
Catalyctic properties
Good conductors of electricity and heat
Magnetic properties
Three examples of transition metals
Iron, copper, gold
Halogens
A halogen is a chemical element that forms a salt when it reacts with metal
Sixth group in the periodic table
