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Consciousness
Awareness of everything that is going around on you and inside your own head at any given moment, which u use to organize your behavior
Philosopher Daniel Dennett:
“there is no single stream of consciousness but rather multiple “channels” each of which is handling its own tasks”
Cognitive neuroscience view:
consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness
Waking Consciousness
People’s time awake is spent in this state, in which their thoughts, feelings, and sensation are clear and organized, and they feel alert
Altered State of Consciousness
A state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity compared to waking consciousness.
Sleep
“the gentle tyrant
Sleep
One of the human body’s biological rhythms
Altered form of consciousness
Zero consciousness
Circadian Rhythm
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a twenty-four-hour period, such as the sleep-wake cycle.
Circa
About
Diem
Day
Hypothalamus
A tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system and regulates sleep.
Tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
The internal clock located deep within the hypothalamus that regulates sleep and waking up.
Melatonin
Makes a person feel sleepy.
Microsleeps
Brief episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds.
Sleep Deprivation
A significant loss of sleep that results in irritability and problems with concentration.
Adaptive Theory
A theory proposing that sleep patterns evolved to avoid predators by sleeping when they are most active.
Restorative Theory
A theory suggesting that sleep is necessary for physical health, replenishing chemicals, and repairing cellular damage.
REM Sleep
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, high brain activity, and typically associated with dreaming.
REM Stands for _____
Rapid Eye Movement
NREM Sleep
Any stage of sleep that does not include REM, ranging from light to deep sleep.
NREM Stands for _____
Non-Rem (Rapid Eye Movement)
EEG (Electroencephalograph)
Allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determined what type of sleep the person has entered
Alpha Waves
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
Delta Waves
Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.
Theta Waves
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
Beta Waves
person who is wide awake and mentally active will show this bw pattern
Stages of Sleep
R & K - Rechtschaffen & Kales
AASM - American Academy of Sleep Medicine
R - REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
N - NREM (Non-REM)
W - Wakefulness
N1 (R&K STAGE 1): LIGHT SLEEP
Theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away, people are said to entering this stage
N2 (R&K STAGE 2): SLEEP SPINDLES
Theta waves still predominate in this stage, but if people are awakened during this stage, they will be aware of having been sleep
Sleep spindles
brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two
N3 (R&K STAGES 3 AND 4): DELTA WAVES PRONOUNCED
Deepest stage of sleep: 50% or more of waves are delta waves
Body at lowest level of functioning
Time at which growth occurs
During this stage that growth hormones are released from pituitary gland
REM Sleep
Paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity)
REM Rebound
Increased amounts of REM sleep following deprivation of REM sleep on earlier nights.
Sleep Paralysis
A condition where the body is unable to act upon dreams due to paralysis of voluntary muscles during REM sleep.
Purpose of REM Sleep
An emotionally stressful day leads to increased time in REM sleep
Nightmares
Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep
under sleep paralysis.
REM Behavior Disorder
Mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscle fails
Allowed the person to thrash around, or even get up and act out nightmares
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
An episode of moving around or walking during deep sleep, typically without awareness.
Night Terrors
The person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep
Doesn’t wake fully
Relatively rare disorder
Insomnia
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or achieve good quality sleep.
Psychological cause of insomnia
worrying, trying too hard to sleep, or having anxiety
Physiological cause of insomnia
too much caffeine, indigestion, aches and pain
Sleep Apnea
A disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder where a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
Cataplexy
A sudden loss of muscle tone
Freud's Dream Theory
dreams as wish fulfillment: dreams as wish fulfillment
Manifest content
the dream itself
Latent Content
: the true, hidden meaning of a dream
Freudian interpretation
Connected to childhood
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
A theory suggesting that dreams are created by the brain's higher centers to explain random brain activity during REM sleep.
Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)
Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams
Information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams
Hypnosis
A state of consciousness where a person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
Hypnotic Susceptibility
The degree to which a person is a good subject for hypnosis.
Basic suggestion effect
Tendency to act as though their behavior is automatic and out of control
Hypnosis as Dissociation
Hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on
Social-cognitive Theory of Hypnosis
People who are hypnotized are not in altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation
Psychoactive Drugs
Substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
Physical Dependence
A condition where the body craves a drug due to its regular use.
Psychological Dependence
The feeling that a drug is needed for emotional or psychological well-being.
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
Amphetamines
Drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature
methamphetamine
used to treat ADHD/narcolepsy
Cocaine
Natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure
Do not go through physical withdrawal but result depression
Nicotine
Active ingredient in Tobacco
Mild but toxic simulant, producing a slight of “rush” or sense of arousal, raise blood pressure & sugar
Caffeine
The stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over the counter drugs
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of the central nervous system.
Major Tranquilizers
Drugs that have a strong depressant effects
Barbiturates
Depressant drugs that have a sedative effects (sleep-inducing effect)
Minor Tranquilizers
Drugs having a relatively mild depressant effect
Benzodiazepines
Used to lower anxiety and reduce stress
Valium & Halcion
Rohypnol
The “date rape” drug
Alcohol
Chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter
Often mistaken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually a CNS depressant
Narcotics
Opium-related drugs that suppress pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptors sites for endorphins
Opium
Substance made from the opium poppy and from which all narcotic drugs are derived
Morphine
Hailed as “God's new medicine”
Narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain
Heroin
Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive - Hailed as new wonder drug
Hallucinogens
Substances that cause alterations in perception and can produce sensory distortions.
Hallucinations
False sensory perceptions, often exp with powerful hallucinogens
2 types: Created in lab & from natural sources
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Powerful synthetic hallucinogen
Synthesized from a grain fungus called ergot - commonly grows on rye grain but can be found sa other grains
Takes only a very tiny drop to achieve “high”
Can’t perceive reality & lost in fantasy
Psychogenic Drugs
Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
Marijuana
A mild hallucinogen derived from the cannabis plant, known for its psychoactive effects.
Hypnogogic Hallucination
Hallucinations that occur as a person is entering sleep.
PCP (phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine)
Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic or hallucinogen effects
MDMA (Ecstasy or X)
