ITP - CHAPTER 4

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85 Terms

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Consciousness

Awareness of everything that is going around on you and inside your own head at any given moment, which u use to organize your behavior

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Philosopher Daniel Dennett:

“there is no single stream of consciousness but rather multiple “channels” each of which is handling its own tasks”

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Cognitive neuroscience view:

consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness

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Waking Consciousness

People’s time awake is spent in this state, in which their thoughts, feelings, and sensation are clear and organized, and they feel alert

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Altered State of Consciousness

A state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity compared to waking consciousness.

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Sleep

“the gentle tyrant

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Sleep

One of the human body’s biological rhythms

Altered form of consciousness

Zero consciousness

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Circadian Rhythm

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a twenty-four-hour period, such as the sleep-wake cycle.

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Circa

About

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Diem

Day

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Hypothalamus

A tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system and regulates sleep.

Tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The internal clock located deep within the hypothalamus that regulates sleep and waking up.

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Melatonin

Makes a person feel sleepy.

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Microsleeps

Brief episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds.

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Sleep Deprivation

A significant loss of sleep that results in irritability and problems with concentration.

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Adaptive Theory

A theory proposing that sleep patterns evolved to avoid predators by sleeping when they are most active.

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Restorative Theory

A theory suggesting that sleep is necessary for physical health, replenishing chemicals, and repairing cellular damage.

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, high brain activity, and typically associated with dreaming.

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REM Stands for _____

Rapid Eye Movement

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NREM Sleep

Any stage of sleep that does not include REM, ranging from light to deep sleep.

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NREM Stands for _____

Non-Rem (Rapid Eye Movement)

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EEG (Electroencephalograph)

Allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determined what type of sleep the person has entered

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Alpha Waves

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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Delta Waves

Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.

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Theta Waves

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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Beta Waves

person who is wide awake and mentally active will show this bw pattern

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Stages of Sleep

R & K - Rechtschaffen & Kales

AASM - American Academy of Sleep Medicine

R - REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

N - NREM (Non-REM)

W - Wakefulness

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N1 (R&K STAGE 1): LIGHT SLEEP

Theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away, people are said to entering this stage

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N2 (R&K STAGE 2): SLEEP SPINDLES

Theta waves still predominate in this stage, but if people are awakened during this stage, they will be aware of having been sleep

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Sleep spindles

brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two

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N3 (R&K STAGES 3 AND 4): DELTA WAVES PRONOUNCED

Deepest stage of sleep: 50% or more of waves are delta waves

Body at lowest level of functioning

Time at which growth occurs

During this stage that growth hormones are released from pituitary gland

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REM Sleep

Paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity)

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REM Rebound

Increased amounts of REM sleep following deprivation of REM sleep on earlier nights.

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Sleep Paralysis

A condition where the body is unable to act upon dreams due to paralysis of voluntary muscles during REM sleep.

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Purpose of REM Sleep

An emotionally stressful day leads to increased time in REM sleep

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Nightmares

Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep

under sleep paralysis.

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REM Behavior Disorder

Mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscle fails

Allowed the person to thrash around, or even get up and act out nightmares

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Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

An episode of moving around or walking during deep sleep, typically without awareness.

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Night Terrors

The person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep

Doesn’t wake fully

Relatively rare disorder

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Insomnia

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or achieve good quality sleep.

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Psychological cause of insomnia

worrying, trying too hard to sleep, or having anxiety

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Physiological cause of insomnia

too much caffeine, indigestion, aches and pain

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Sleep Apnea

A disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder where a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

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Cataplexy

A sudden loss of muscle tone

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Freud's Dream Theory

dreams as wish fulfillment: dreams as wish fulfillment

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Manifest content

the dream itself

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Latent Content

: the true, hidden meaning of a dream

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Freudian interpretation

Connected to childhood

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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that dreams are created by the brain's higher centers to explain random brain activity during REM sleep.

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Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)

Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams

Information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

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Hypnosis

A state of consciousness where a person is especially susceptible to suggestion.

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Hypnotic Susceptibility

The degree to which a person is a good subject for hypnosis.

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Basic suggestion effect

Tendency to act as though their behavior is automatic and out of control

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Hypnosis as Dissociation

Hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on

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Social-cognitive Theory of Hypnosis

People who are hypnotized are not in altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory.

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Physical Dependence

A condition where the body craves a drug due to its regular use.

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Psychological Dependence

The feeling that a drug is needed for emotional or psychological well-being.

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Stimulants

Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.

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Amphetamines

Drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature

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methamphetamine

used to treat ADHD/narcolepsy

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Cocaine

Natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

Do not go through physical withdrawal but result depression

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Nicotine

Active ingredient in Tobacco

Mild but toxic simulant, producing a slight of “rush” or sense of arousal, raise blood pressure & sugar

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Caffeine

The stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over the counter drugs

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Depressants

Drugs that decrease the functioning of the central nervous system.

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Major Tranquilizers

Drugs that have a strong depressant effects

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Barbiturates

Depressant drugs that have a sedative effects (sleep-inducing effect)

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Minor Tranquilizers

Drugs having a relatively mild depressant effect

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Benzodiazepines

Used to lower anxiety and reduce stress

Valium & Halcion

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Rohypnol

The “date rape” drug

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Alcohol

Chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter

Often mistaken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually a CNS depressant

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Narcotics

Opium-related drugs that suppress pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptors sites for endorphins

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Opium

Substance made from the opium poppy and from which all narcotic drugs are derived

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Morphine

Hailed as “God's new medicine”

Narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain

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Heroin

Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive - Hailed as new wonder drug

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Hallucinogens

Substances that cause alterations in perception and can produce sensory distortions.

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Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions, often exp with powerful hallucinogens

2 types: Created in lab & from natural sources

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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Powerful synthetic hallucinogen

Synthesized from a grain fungus called ergot - commonly grows on rye grain but can be found sa other grains

Takes only a very tiny drop to achieve “high”

Can’t perceive reality & lost in fantasy

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Psychogenic Drugs

Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication

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Marijuana

A mild hallucinogen derived from the cannabis plant, known for its psychoactive effects.

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Hypnogogic Hallucination

Hallucinations that occur as a person is entering sleep.

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PCP (phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine)

Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic or hallucinogen effects

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MDMA (Ecstasy or X)

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