Exam 6 Study Guide: Habit Reversal and Generalization

What are some examples of nervous habits?

Nail-biting, hair-pulling, thumb-sucking, lip-biting, teeth grinding.

What are motor tics?

Repetitive movements like head jerking or facial grimacing.

What are vocal tics?

Sounds or words such as throat clearing or grunting.

What is stuttering?

Speech disfluencies like repeating words or blocking sounds.

What are common characteristics of habit behaviors?

They are repetitive, often occur subconsciously, emerge in response to heightened tension or stress, and may lead to physical damage or social embarrassment if excessive.

What are the three main components of habit reversal?

Awareness Training, Competing Response Training, and Motivation Procedures.

What is Awareness Training in habit reversal?

Teaching individuals to recognize each occurrence of their habit behavior.

What is Competing Response Training?

Training individuals to engage in a behavior incompatible with the habit, serving as a substitute.

What do Motivation Procedures aim to achieve in habit reversal?

Enhancing the likelihood of using the competing response outside of sessions by emphasizing the downsides of the habit and benefits of change.

How can social support aid in habit reversal?

Significant others can prompt and remind the individual to use the competing response.

What is an example of an incompatible competing response for nail-biting?

Clenching fists or holding a stress ball.

What is diaphragmatic breathing and how does it relate to habit reversal?

It involves slow, deep breaths using the diaphragm, which can reduce tension and serve as an alternative to habits like stuttering.

What are some limitations of habit reversal for individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities?

Challenges in understanding and implementing awareness and competing response training, difficulty in generalizing techniques, and the need for simplified procedures and additional support.

What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DRO)?

Reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with the habit.

What is Response Cost in the context of habit behaviors?

Removing a positive reinforcer following the occurrence of the habit behavior.

What is Stimulus Control?

Modifying environmental cues that trigger the habit.

What is Stimulus Generalization?

Behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the training stimuli.

What is Response Generalization?

New behaviors emerge that were not specifically taught but are functionally equivalent.

What does Maintenance refer to in behavior change?

The target behavior persists over time after intervention ends.

What is one strategy to promote generalization of behavior change?

Reinforce instances of generalization by providing reinforcement when the behavior occurs outside the training context.

What are self-generated mediators of generalization?

Self-instructions, self-monitoring, and self-reinforcement techniques that individuals use to maintain and apply learned behaviors across settings.

What are the three types of group contingencies according to Gresham & Gresham (1982)?

Independent Group Contingency, Dependent Group Contingency, and Interdependent Group Contingency.

What is a Dependent Group Contingency?

Reinforcement for the group depends on the behavior of one or a few members.

What is an Interdependent Group Contingency?

All members must meet the behavior criterion collectively to earn reinforcement.

What experimental conditions were used in Gresham & Gresham (1982)?

Independent, dependent, interdependent contingencies, plus a baseline.

What was the dependent variable in Gresham & Gresham's study?

Frequency of disruptive behaviors.

Which group contingency resulted in the largest reduction of disruptive behaviors?

The interdependent group contingency.

What are effective elements of an Interdependent Group Contingency?

Collective responsibility and mutual reinforcement among team members, emphasizing team-based behavior.

What are the advantages of Group-Oriented Contingencies?

Promote peer support and collective responsibility, enhancing behavior change, and allow teams to be reinforced as a unit.

What is a potential con of the Dependent Group Contingency?

Over-reliance on one or a few students can create pressure or resentment.

What challenge does the Interdependent Group Contingency face in large groups?

It can be difficult to manage if individuals vary greatly in behavior, as one individual can prevent group reinforcement.

What is the Good Behavior Game (GBG)?

A classroom management strategy using interdependent group contingencies where teams earn rewards for following rules.

What are common antecedent-based interventions in Organizational Behavior Management (OBM)?

Task clarification, equipment modification, goal setting, prompting, and training.

What are common consequence-based interventions in OBM?

Feedback, positive reinforcement (e.g., praise, bonuses), and incentive programs.

What is Performance Management in OBM?

Application of behavior principles to manage employee performance and change work behavior for valuable organizational skills.

What does Systems Analysis in OBM focus on?

Analysis and modification of organizational processes to produce the greatest benefit, improving efficiency of interdependent tasks.

What is Behavior-Based Safety in OBM?

Analysis and modification of work environments to reduce injuries and promote safe behavior.

What are Pinpoints in behavior management?

Specific, observable, and measurable behaviors or results you want to change.

What is the rationale for using group contingencies?

To efficiently manage group behavior, promote peer influence, and achieve behavior change across multiple individuals simultaneously.

What is a potential negative effect of the 'hero' in a Dependent Group Contingency?

If the 'hero' fails, the whole group misses out, which may reduce motivation or create conflict.

How does the interdependent group contingency foster collaboration?

By emphasizing collective responsibility and mutual reinforcement among team members.

What is the goal of goal setting in antecedent-based interventions?

Defining a specified level of performance to be obtained and providing reinforcement contingent on goal achievement.

What role does feedback play in consequence-based interventions?

It serves as a means of reinforcing desired behaviors and guiding performance.

What is the importance of training in antecedent-based interventions?

To identify and modify inadequate employee knowledge, skills, or capacity.

What are the steps to analyze and solve an OBM problem?

1. Determine key results. 2. Find the pinpoints. 3. Develop a measurement system. 4. Diagnose the problem. 5. Develop and implement intervention. 6. Evaluate the effects.

What are the five components of a behavioral contract?

1. Target Behavior(s) - clear, specific behaviors to increase/decrease. 2. Measurement Method - how behavior will be tracked. 3. Time Frame - when and how often the behavior is expected. 4. Consequences - reinforcement or punishment based on performance. 5. Signatures - all parties agree and sign the contract.

What is an example of a poorly constructed behavioral contract?

A contract stating 'I will do better in school' without specific behavior or consequences lacks target behavior, measurement, and consequence.

What is the impact of setting goals that are too easy?

Too easy goals lead to no motivation to change and minimal impact.

What is the impact of setting goals that are too difficult?

Too difficult goals can lead to discouragement, non-compliance, or abandonment.

What is the difference between one-party and two-party contracts?

One-party contracts are created by an individual for themselves, possibly with a coach or therapist. Two-party contracts involve two people agreeing to modify behavior together.

What is a quid pro quo contract?

A quid pro quo contract is one where one person's behavior change is contingent on the other's behavior (e.g., 'If you do X, I'll do Y').

What is a parallel contract?

In a parallel contract, both people work on their own goals independently, but within the same contract.

Why is objective measurement important in behavioral contracts?

Objective measurement ensures behavior is consistently tracked, prevents subjective interpretation, and is essential for evaluating success and enforcing consequences.

What are the benefits of short-term contracts?

Short-term contracts provide quick feedback and reinforcement, increase motivation by showing progress, and allow for adjustments before long-term goals are set.

What is a deposit contract?

In a deposit contract, the individual puts something of value (e.g., money) into a 'deposit' that is returned contingent on meeting behavior goals.

What are additional mechanisms behind contract effectiveness?

1. Rule-governed behavior - creates clear expectations. 2. Public commitment - increases social accountability. 3. Self-monitoring - increases awareness of behavior. 4. Social support - holds the client accountable. 5. Establishing operation - reminds the individual of the contract.

How does public commitment affect goal achievement?

Declaring goals to others increases pressure to follow through, leveraging social accountability and self-image consistency.

What is the disease model of addiction?

The disease model views addiction as a chronic medical condition with biological causes.

What is the operant model of addiction?

The operant model suggests that substance use is maintained by reinforcement (e.g., immediate pleasure) and can be altered using behavior principles, learning, and environmental factors.

What are the ABCs of drug use?

A (Antecedent): Triggers like stress or social pressure. B (Behavior): Drug use itself. C (Consequence): Immediate pleasure or relief vs delayed negative effects.

What is the difference between immediate and delayed outcomes in drug use?

Immediate outcomes provide reinforcement (e.g., euphoria), while delayed outcomes result in punishment (e.g., health decline). Abstinence has delayed reinforcement (e.g., improved health) but lacks immediate positive feedback.

What are key components of contingency management (CM)?

1. Objective measurement of behavior: biochemical verification of abstinence. 2. Abstinence reinforcement: reinforcement for abstaining from smoking.