Joints and Movements

Gomphoses

fibrous joints, synarthrotic

fibrous joints

anchored by collagen

synarthrotic

very little movement

bursa

A pocket or sac of the synovial membrane extending away from the rest of the joint cavity

The type of joint where bones are joined by a dense tissue of collagen fibers is a

syndesmosis

synchondroses

joints containing hyaline cartilage

sympheses

joints containing fibrocartilage

sutures

fibrous joints

synchondroses

cartilaginous joints

saddle joints

synovial joints

bony joints

synostoses

fluid filled joint cavity

synovial joints

gomphoses

fibrous joints

squeezing the thighs together medially

adduction

turning the palms of the hands to face the ceiling

supination

pointing the toes down toward the floor

plantar-flexion

nodding the head toward the chest

flexion

costosternal joint (rib to sternum joint)

amphiarthrotic

sagittal suture

synarthrotic

gomphosis

synarthrotic

elbow joint

diarthrotic

intervertebral disc

amphiarthrotic

ball and socket joint

diarthrotic

Arthrology

Study of joints.

Joint (Articulation)

Where two or more bones meet.

Function of joints

Hold bones together and allow movement

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint.

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint.

Fibrous joint

Bones joined by dense connective tissue.

Cartilaginous joint

Bones joined by cartilage.

Synovial joint

Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity.

Bony joint (Synostosis)

Bones fused together.

Suture

Immovable fibrous joint between skull bones.

Serrate suture

Saw-toothed edges.

Plane suture

Flat edges.

Squamous suture

Overlapping edges.

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint connected by ligaments; slightly movable

Example of syndesmosis

Distal tibia and fibula.

Gomphosis

Tooth attached to socket.

Synchondrosis

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage.

Example of synchondrosis

Epiphyseal plate.

Symphysis

Bones joined by fibrocartilage.

Example of symphysis

Pubic symphysis.

Synostosis

Bones fused into one bone.

Example of synostosis

Epiphyseal line.

Articular cartilage

Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Joint cavity

Space filled with synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

Lubricates the joint.

Synovial membrane

Produces synovial fluid.

Fibrous capsule

Outer layer that strengthens the joint.

Articular capsule

Encloses the synovial joint.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone.

Meniscus

Fibrocartilage pad that absorbs shock.

Fat pad

Cushions the joint.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction.

Tendon sheath

Tube-like bursa surrounding a tendon.

Plane joint

Gliding movement.

Example of plane joint

Carpals.

Hinge joint

Flexion and extension.

Example of hinge joint

Elbow

Pivot joint

Rotation.

Example of pivot joint

Atlas and axis.

Condyloid joint

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

Example of condyloid joint

Wrist.

Saddle joint

Wide range of movement.

Example of saddle joint

Thumb.

Ball-and-socket joint

Movement in all directions.

Example of ball-and-socket joint

Shoulder.

Flexion

Decreases joint angle.

Extension

Increases joint angle.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Elevation

Moves body part upward.

Depression

Moves body part downward.

Protraction

Moves body part forward.

Retraction

Moves body part backward.

Medial rotation

Turns toward the midline.

Lateral rotation

Turns away from the midline.

Supination

Palm faces up

Pronation

Palm faces down.

Inversion

Sole turns inward.

Eversion

Sole turns outward.

Opposition

Thumb touches fingertips.

Reposition

Thumb returns to anatomical position.

Dorsiflexion

Toes move toward the shin.

Plantarflexion

Toes point downward.

Osteoarthritis

Cartilage wears away with age. Pain, stiffness, decreased movement. Aging.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disease attacking joints. Swollen, painful joints. Female sex and family history.

Gout

Uric acid crystals in joints. Sudden severe joint pain.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa. Repetitive motion.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon. Overuse.

Sprain

Stretched or torn ligament.

Strain

Stretched or torn muscle or tendon.

Dislocation

Bone forced out of its joint.