Dual Credit Us History Semester 2

The Grange

Social organization for farmers to discuss problems and solutions; lobbied states for farmer aid.

Munn v. Illinois

Supreme Court case stating states can regulate private businesses.

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme Court case stating only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Federal agency created to regulate interstate commerce, especially railroads.

Farmers Alliance

Political organization of farmers with goals like direct election of senators and bimetallism.

Ocala Platform

Goals of the Farmers' Alliance, including lower tariffs and a graduated income tax.

Populist Party

Political party formed by farmers and other groups advocating for reforms like bimetallism.

Bimetallism

Monetary system using both gold and silver to back currency.

Panic of 1893

Severe economic depression caused by various factors like railroad overexpansion.

Coxey's Army

Protest of unemployed workers during the Panic of 1893.

Election of 1896

Presidential election focused on issues like bimetallism; McKinley defeated Bryan.

William Jennings Bryan

Presidential candidate who heavily advocated for bimetallism ('Cross of Gold' speech).

Cross of Gold Speech

William Jennings Bryan's speech supporting the free coinage of silver.

William McKinley

Presidential candidate who supported the gold standard; won the election of 1896.

Mark Hanna

McKinley's campaign manager who utilized a 'front porch campaign.'

Front Porch Campaign

McKinley's campaign strategy of giving speeches from his home.

Gold Standard Act

Confirmed the United States' commitment to the gold standard.

Progressive Era

Period of social and political reform aimed at addressing problems of the Gilded Age.

Gilded Age Problems (Political)

Corruption of political machines, weak government regulation.

Gilded Age Problems (Social)

Extreme wealth disparity, poor working conditions.

Gilded Age Problems (Economic)

Monopolies, economic instability.

Gilded Age Problems (Moral)

Exploitation of workers and the environment, political bribery.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting and conservation.

Bully Pulpit

Term for the presidency as a platform to promote policies and shape public opinion.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on controlling corporations, consumer protection, and conservation.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1901)

Used by Roosevelt to break up monopolies.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Regulated food and drugs for safety and labeling.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Regulated the meatpacking industry.

Conservation of Natural Resources

Policy of protecting and managing natural resources (Roosevelt).

National Parks

Areas protected by the federal government for preservation and public use (Roosevelt).

Forest Reserve Act (1891)

Expanded national forests and protected wildlife.

3 C's (Roosevelt)

Control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed societal problems.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who investigated Standard Oil.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker who exposed urban problems and immigrant challenges.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker who documented tenement life in 'How the Other Half Lives.'

Ida B. Wells

Muckraker who led an anti-lynching campaign.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who exposed the meatpacking industry in 'The Jungle.'

Meat Inspection Act (Effect of Jungle)

Legislation ensuring meatpacking industry health standards.

Pure Food and Drug Act (Effect of Jungle)

Legislation halting contaminated foods and medicines, truth in labeling.

Antitrust Laws

Laws aimed at breaking up monopolies and promoting competition.

Labor Reforms

Efforts to improve working conditions, pay, and hours.

Consumer Protection Laws

Laws ensuring safety and accurate labeling of goods.

Political Reforms (Progressive Era)

Initiative, referendum, recall to increase citizen power.

Initiative

Process allowing citizens to propose laws directly.

Referendum

Process allowing citizens to vote on proposed laws.

Recall

Process allowing citizens to remove elected officials.

16th Amendment

Established a federal income tax.

17th Amendment

Provided for the direct election of US senators.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote (women's suffrage).

William Taft (Upsetting Roosevelt)

His actions and policies disappointed Theodore Roosevelt.

Election of 1912

Presidential election involving Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs; highlighted progressive influence.

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate who won the election of 1912.

Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive/Bull Moose Party)

Third-party candidate in the election of 1912.

William Howard Taft (Republican)

Incumbent president who ran for reelection in 1912.

Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)

Socialist candidate in the election of 1912.

Federal Reserve System

Central banking system of the United States, regulating money supply.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Business / Commercial Interests (Imperialism)

Desire for new markets and resources.

Military / Strategic Interests (Imperialism)

Expanding military power and bases.

Social Darwinist Thinking (Imperialism)

Belief in racial hierarchy and the superiority of certain nations.

The White Man's Burden

Idea that Western nations had a duty to civilize other peoples.

Religious / Missionary Interests (Imperialism)

Desire to spread Christianity.

Closing of the American Frontier

Contributed to the desire for overseas expansion.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Author who argued sea power was essential for a successful empire.

The Influence of Sea Power on History

Mahan's book advocating for a strong navy.

Hawaii (Path to Territory)

US economic interests (sugar), overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, annexation.

Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaiian monarch who opposed US influence.

Reciprocity (Hawaii)

Tax-free trade agreement between US and Hawaii.

McKinley Tariff

Tariff that added a tax to imported sugar, impacting Hawaii.

Sanford Ballard Dole

American businessman who became president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Harsh Spanish policies towards Cuban rebels.

Cuban Revolution

Cuban struggle for independence from Spain.

Valeriano Weyler's Reconcentration Policy

Spanish policy of placing Cuban civilians in camps.

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated and sensationalized news reporting (Pulitzer, Hearst).

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism and aggressive nationalism.

De Lome Letter

Spanish ambassador's criticism of President McKinley.

Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine

Explosion of a US naval ship in Havana harbor; catalyst for Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War; US gained territories.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting US right to intervene in Latin America.

Monroe Doctrine

US policy opposing European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

Dollar Diplomacy

US foreign policy using economic power to influence other countries (Taft).

Open Door Policy (China)

US policy ensuring equal trade access to China for all nations.

Platt Amendment

Conditions for US withdrawal from Cuba, limited Cuban sovereignty.

Teller Amendment

US declaration that it would not annex Cuba.

World War 1

Global conflict from 1914-1918.

Militarism (WW1 Cause)

Buildup of strong military forces.

Alliances (WW1 Cause)

Agreements between nations for mutual defense (Triple Alliance, Triple Entente).

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

Triple Entente

France, Russia, Britain.

Nationalism (WW1 Cause)

Strong sense of national identity and desire for self-determination.

Imperialism (WW1 Cause)

Competition among nations for colonies and resources.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Spark that ignited World War 1.

The Balkans

Region in southeastern Europe with ethnic tensions ('powder keg').

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group involved in the assassination.

Trench Warfare

Style of fighting in WWI using long ditches.

Technology of WW1

New weapons like machine guns, poison gas, tanks.

Conditions in Trenches

Harsh and unsanitary environment for soldiers.