Honors History Midterm

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases globally.

Mercantilism

Economic system prioritizing national wealth and power.

Favorable balance of trade

Selling more than buying for economic gain.

Self-sufficiency

Nation's goal to rely on its own resources.

Colonization

Establishing settlements to exploit resources.

Ptolemy

Greek astronomer who proposed Earth-centered universe.

Heliocentric model

Theory that Earth orbits the Sun.

Copernicus

Polish scholar who proposed heliocentric theory.

Tycho Brahe

Astronomer who collected observational data.

Johannes Kepler

Discovered planets' elliptical orbits.

Council of Trent

Catholic council asserting church's biblical authority.

Giordano Bruno

Proponent of heliocentrism, executed by Inquisition.

Galileo Galilei

Used telescope to support heliocentric theory.

Galileo's telescope

First telescope design with multiple lenses.

Hume

Philosopher emphasizing experience over innate knowledge.

Empirical evidence

Knowledge derived from observation and experience.

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers promoting reason and science.

Expansion of Enlightenment

1700s movement advocating reason and individual rights.

Inductive reasoning

Drawing general conclusions from specific observations.

Passions vs. reason

Hume's view that emotions govern human behavior.

Inquisition

Church court prosecuting heresy and dissent.

Astronomical observations

Data collected from celestial phenomena.

French Philosophes

Philosophers advocating human reason and natural rights.

Montesquieu

Philosopher known for separation of powers.

Voltaire

Critic of religious intolerance and advocate for freedom.

Rousseau

Philosopher emphasizing social contract and education.

Diderot

Editor of the Encyclopedie, promoting Enlightenment ideas.

Encyclopedie

28-volume work promoting secular learning and reforms.

Laissez-Faire

Economic principle advocating minimal government intervention.

Free Market

System where prices are determined by competition.

Supply and Demand

Prices set by consumer desire and availability.

Competition

Businesses strive to attract customers, improving products.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist, author of The Wealth of Nations.

Invisible Hand

Self-interest benefits society unintentionally, per Adam Smith.

Physiocrats

Economists believing wealth comes primarily from agriculture.

Francois Quesnay

Key figure in Physiocratic economic theory.

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot

Physiocrat advocating for minimal government influence.

Gender Roles in Enlightenment

Traditional views persisted despite opportunities for women.

Rousseau on Women

Believed women should have greater societal roles.

Henry VIII

King whose marital issues led to church break.

Protestant Reformation

Movement challenging Catholic Church, initiated by Martin Luther.

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop who led the Church of England.

Book of Common Prayer

Published by Cranmer for Protestant church services.

Elizabeth I

Queen who established the Elizabethan Settlement.

Elizabeth Settlement

Religious compromise policy by Queen Elizabeth.

Religious Peace

Brought stability between Catholics and Protestants.

Moluccas Islands

Indonesian islands known for spice trade.

Trade Control

Italians and Arabs dominated Mediterranean trade.

Three G's

Motivations for exploration: Gold, God, Glory.

Drives for Exploration

Desire for wealth, conversion, and fame.

Taínos

First tribe Columbus encountered in the Americas.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who claimed land in Americas.

Guns, Horses, and Disease

Spanish advantages over native populations.

Mexico City

Largest Spanish-speaking city by 1550.

Colonial Cities

Centers of government, commerce, and culture.

University of Mexico

Established in 1551 for educating priests.

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Famous Spanish writer from a convent.

Cultural Blending

Spanish and Native American cultural exchange.

Spain's Wealth

Enormous riches from American colonies.

Treasure Fleets

Ships carrying silver and gold to Europe.

Scientific Revolution

Period emphasizing reason and natural laws.

Natural Laws

Unchanging principles governing human conduct.

Enlightenment

Movement promoting reason over religious beliefs.

Human Behavior Study

Using scientific methods to address societal issues.

Educational Opportunities

Limited access for women, focused on priests.

Enlightenment

New approach emphasizing reason and individual rights.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher associated with Enlightenment ideas.

Secularism

Emphasis on non-religious aspects of life.

Scientific Revolution

Period stressing science over religious authority.

Absolutism

Political system with centralized, absolute power.

Social Contract

Agreement to give up freedoms for societal order.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher advocating for strong government control.

Leviathan

Hobbes' work arguing for absolute monarchy.

John Locke

Philosopher focused on natural rights and democracy.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to individuals: life, liberty, property.

Two Treatises of Government

Locke's work on government protecting natural rights.

Casta System

Social hierarchy based on race in colonial Latin America.

Peninsular Spaniards

Spaniards born in Spain, holding top positions.

Creoles

Spanish descendants born in the Americas.

Mestizos

Individuals of Native and European descent.

Mulattoes

Individuals of African and European descent.

Bubonic Plague

Disease that disrupted trade in the Middle Ages.

Silk Road

Trade route connecting Europe and Asia.

Astrolabe

Device for determining latitude at sea.

Caravel

Innovative ship design with mixed sail types.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who promoted exploration of Africa.

Forts

Portuguese structures for control and trade in Africa.

Bartolomeu Dias

First to sail around Cape of Good Hope, 1488.

Humanism

Renaissance value emphasizing human potential and achievements.

Secularism

Focus on non-religious aspects of life and governance.

Printing Press

Technology that spread critical ideas about the church.

Church Wealth

European rulers envied the financial resources of the church.

Tax Resentment

Merchants opposed church taxes affecting their profits.

Monarchs vs. Church

Rulers challenged the church's influence in Europe.

Papal Authority

Leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler.

Corruption in Church

Some leaders engaged in unethical practices and excess.

Indulgences

Payments for forgiveness of sins, widely criticized.

Reform

Process of making changes to improve systems.

Lower Clergy Issues

Poor education and misconduct among priests and monks.

Vasco da Gama

Led 1497-1498 voyage to India, establishing trade.