unit 1 flashcards - patho

anatomic organization

cell, tissue, organ

is energy required in passive transport

no

types of passive transport

diffusion and osmosis

diffusion

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to achieve equal distribution

osmosis

Water moves across the semipermeable plasma membrane.

facilitated diffusion

movement of some substances across the plasma membrane using transport proteins.

is facilitated diffusion energy dependant

no

does active transport require energy

yes

cell injury TIPS

toxins, infection, physical injury, and serum deficit injury

what are the two cellular responses to stress

apoptosis and necrosis

necrosis

cell death following injury, followed by an inflammatory response

apoptosis

programmed cell death, no inflammatory response

atrophy

decreased cell size

hypertrophy

increased cell size

hyperplasia

increased cell number

metaplasia

conversion of one cell type to another

dysplasia

disorderly growth

Why do muscles shrink

atrophy can occur with lack of movement

anarobic

ATP production without oxygen

aerobic

chemical reactions that need oxygen

cerebral atrophy patho

decreased size of neurons

cerebral atrophy risks

reduced stimulation, injury, toxin, perfusion

cerebral atrophy s/s can be?

local or global

frontal lobe

problem solving, emotions, reasoning, speaking

parietal lobe

knowing right from left, reading, sensation

temporal lobe

behavior, memory, hearing, understanding language

cerebellum

balance

occipital lobe

vision

cerebral atrophy dx

H&P, Imaging (MRI)

cerebral atrophy tx

prevention or slowing

cardiac hypertrophy patho

increased cardiac muscle mass

cardiac hypertrophy risks

excessive cardiac workload and functional demand, genetics

primary cardiac hypertrophy

genetic

secondary cardiac hypertrophy

high bp causing increased workload

cardiac hypertrophy s/s

SOB, angina, syncope, impaired cardiac function

cardiac hypertrophy dx

H&P, EKG, Echo

cardiac hypertrophy tx

surgical, meds, prevention

acromegaly patho

excessive growrth hormone resulting in hyperplasia

acromegaly risks

development of benign pituitary tumors (adenoma)

acromegaly s/s

hands and feet swollen, altered facial features, voice and skin changes, organ enlargment

acromegaly dx

H&P, Labs, MRI

acromegaly tx

meds, radiation, surgery

acromegaly outcomes

tumor expansion, IGF-1 hypersecretion, and hypopituitarism

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia patho

Squamous and columnar epithelial cells undergo mutations in the transformation zone

transformation zone

area where the merging of these cell types occurs, common for mutations to occur here

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia risks

smoking, HPV, trauma, STI, multiple sexual partners

cervical metaplasia/dysplasia dx

screening, colonoscopy, PAP

cervical metaplasia/dysplasia tx

prevention, surgery, hysterectomy

cellular proliferation

new daughter cells divided from parent cells, mitosis/meiosis

cellular differentiation

orderly process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function, stem cells

stem cells

undifferentiated cells that gain specific functions

altered cell proliferation

uncontrollable cell growth

altered cell differentiation

loses its ability to carry out its specific function

cancer

highly destructive neoplasms

neoplasm

irreversable devient cell clusters

carcinogenesis

origin of cancerous neoplasms

aquired carcinogens

enviornment (UV, Smoke, radiation, chemicals), hormones, infections, microorganisms

inherited carcinogens

genetics

oncogenes

genes that have the potential to become cancer

protooncogenes

normal genes that can become oncogenes through point mutation, translocation, and gene amplification

point mutation

change in a single nucleotide base

translocation

A segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

gene amplification

multiple copies of a gene are made

tumor supressor genes

genes that regulate the rate at which cells divide and die

Why is it bad for the tumor suppressor genes to become mutated?

when the cell undergoes unrestricted proliferation, and neoplastic transformations are supported

angiogenesis

growing new blood vessels from existing ones

anaplasia

cell loses function

autonomy

unregulated proliferation of the neoplasm

neoplasm characteristics

increased motility, angiogenesis, increased energy, and substance secretion

benign

localized and closely resemble the tissue of origin

malignant

proliferate rapidly, metastasize(spread to other sites), and do not resemble the tissue of origin

types of cancer spread

local, direct extension, seeding, metastasis, organ tropism

local spread

proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin

direct extensions

tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs

seeding

form of direct extension in which disseminated cells colonize secondary site

metastasis

Neoplasms spread to distant sites by blood vessels

organ tropism

binding of a primary tumor to a specific distant site.

cancer staging

The higher the number, the more extensive the tumor size and spread

what does TNM stand for in cancer staging

tumor size, node involvement, metastasis (extent of spread)

cancer s/s

lymphadenopathy, cachexia, pain, LOA, anorexia, palpable mass

cachexia

lack of appetite

cancer dx

labs, imaging, screening

cancer tx

chemo, surgery, radiation

lung cancer patho

cells of epithelial lining of bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli affected, 2 subtypes, leading cause of cancer deaths

lung cancer risks

environmental (smoking, industrial) and genetic

non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

slower growing and more localized in the early stages. adenocarcinoma, squamous, and large cell

small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

very aggressive and fast growing, linked to smoking

lung cancer s/s

persistent cough, hemoptysis, angina, dyspnea, paraneoplastic syndrome

lung cancer dx

H&P, CBC, radiology

lung cancer tx

chemo, radiation, surgery

colon cancer risks

genetics, dietary, chronic inflammation, activity, age

colon cancer patho

along GI tracts, formation of polyps becomes malignant

colon cancer s/s

asymptomatic, occult(hidden) blood, frank blood in stool, abd pain, bowel obstruction, weight loss

colon cancer dx

H&P, screening, labs

colon cancer tx

surgery, radiation, chemo, pallitative

leukemia patho

malignant neoplasms of the blood and blood-forming organs, excessive blast cells

blast cells

immature cells

acute leukemia

rapid onset and progression

chronic leukemia

slower progression

leukemia s/s

fatigue, LOA, bleeding, bone pain, weight loss, headache, N/V