Human Bio 1st Test

2026

homeostasis

maintenance of a constant internal environment

• temp, pH, salinity

cells

workers, produce waste

blood

delivery system

lungs

bring in O2, dispose of CO2

digestive system

food breakdown and absorbtion

urinary system

kidneys filter into urine

regulation of homeostasis steps

1. receptor: alert body

2. control center: low o2 to brian

   1. effector: hyperventilation

feedback

The influence of a psychological process in or by a product of that psy. process

Negative feedback

decrease response

positive feedback

Must have turn off method, amplification of a process, fast response

Acids

add H+ ions to solution

bases

removes H+ ions from solution

Alkalosis

pH > 7.45

Acidosis

pH <7.35

Monomers

small biomolecules

polymers

linked monomers

carbohydrates role

calories, energy, energy storage, part of n. acids, structurally important to plants, modify proteins

Functional Groups

common chemical structures, O-H/hydroxyl, C-O-O-H/carboxyl

Monosaccharides

building blocks, simplest form of carbohydrates

Glucose

most abundant monosacc, C₆H₁₂O₆

glycosidic bonds

monosaccs linked to form disaccs, dehydration synthesis forms a glycosidic bond

hydrolysis reaction

addition of water to break a glycosidic bond

dehydration reaction

removal of water to form a glycosidic bond

what is sucrose a disacc of

glucose and fructose

what is lactose a disacc of

glucose and galactose

what is maltose a disacc of

glucose and glucose

polysaccharide

linked monosaccharidess

starch

a polysaccharide that stores glucose in plants, does not branch

cellulose

a polysaccharide, structure of plant walls, alternating glucose molecules

glycogen

a polysaccharide, storage form of glucose in animals, branched form

where is glycogen found

liver (blood sugar regulation) and skeletal muscle (easy ATP access when excercising)

where do animals get glycogen from

food, starch, some from cellulose but it is difficult to break apart

Lipids: major biomolecule function?

energy, energy storage, structure, signaling

are lipids soluble in water? why?

no they are non- polar covalent

examples of lipids

fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids