PHAR 205

Lectures 1-4 so far

L1 - what is epidemiology?

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations. Used for the control of health problems.

L1 - What two terms can describe epidemiology?

Distribution and Frequency

L1 - What is distribution of disease with regards to epidemiology

Distribution describes: person(s), place, and time

L1 - What are the two terms that describe Frequency of disease with regards to epidemiology

Incidence (risk of disease), and Prevalence (burden of disease)

L1 - What can epidemiology do?

Describe health of a population

Explain etiology (cause) of disease

Predict occurrence of disease

Control distribution of disease

L1 - What are the two assumptions of epidemiology?

1) Diseases do not occur randomly

2) Disease has causal and preventative factors that we can identify through systematic investigation of different subgroups of individuals within a population in different places or times

L1 - What are the three types of epidemiology and their goals?

Descriptive, Analytic, and Experimental

L1 - What is the goal of descriptive epidemiology?

Examine patterns of disease, health behaviors

L1 - What is the goal of analytic epidemiology?

Evaluate relationships between risk or protective factors and disease

L1 - What is the goal of experimental epidemiology?

To evaluate a treatment to compare with other treatment

L2 - What defines Health?

The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

L2 - What are the three aspects of the Health Triangle?

Mental, Social, Physical

L2 - Define Physical Health

The body’s ability to function:

• Physical activity

• nutrition

• Weight management

• Sleep

• Alcohol/Drug use

L2 - Describe Mental Health

How we think, feel, and cope with life

• Learning skills and behavior

• How the body deals with stress

• Mental illness

L2 - Describe Social Health

How we react with the people in our environment

• Family and peer relationships

• Public health

L2 - Define Public Health

“Preventing disease and promoting health through the organized efforts of society”

L2 - Give 5 examples of the top public health priorities in Canada

1. Obesity

2. Cardiovascular Disease

3. Diabetes

4. Opioid Crisis

5. COVID-19

L2 -

b. Learning, stress management

L2 - Define Health Care

Refers to chemicals (e.g. drugs), devices (e.g. artificial knee) and services (e.g. physiotherapy) used by people to improve their health

L2 - What are the types of health care?

• Diagnosis

• Treatment

• Health promotion

• Disease prevention

• Rehabilitation

• Palliative

L2 - What is Primary Health Care?

First contact with the health care system. May involve

• Diagnosis

• Treatment

• Health promotion

• Disease prevention

Broad range of physical, mental, and social health problems

L2 - What is Secondary Health Care?

Specialist care. May involve

• Diagnosis

• Treatment

Must have referral from primary care provider to specialist

L2 - What is Tertiary Health Care?

Known as specialized consultative healthcare

• Advanced care, involves treatment of complex illness

• Involves hospital admission

Must have referral from primary or secondary health care provider

L2 - Define Health Care System

The organization of people, institutions and resources that deliver health care to meet the health needs of target populations

L2 - What is the Canada Health Act?

Legislation that defines national principles for provincial and territorial health insurance plans.

L2 - What is the Canada Health Transfer?

Federal transfer payment program to support provincial and territorial health care systems (long-term funding for health care).

L2 - What are the 5 Principles (criteria) under the Canada Health Act for full federal funding through the Canada Health Transfer?

1. Public administration

2. Comprehensiveness

3. Universality

4. Portability

5. Accessibility

L2 - What is Inpatient Health Care?

Regionalized inpatient health care, where a region is responsible for care of residents through facilities or hospitals.

• Funded by the province within the global budget

• E.g. BC has;

  • Northern Health

  • Interior Health

  • Fraser Health

  • Vancouver Island Health

  • Vancouver Coastal Health

L2 - What is Outpatient Health Care?

Physicians who are fee-for-service

• Fee schedules negotiated and administered by the province

• Funded directly by the province

L2 - Define Health Indicators

A single measure that is reported on regularly and that provides relevant and actionable information about population health characteristics or health care system performance

L2 - How are Health Indicators used?

To monitor and communicate critical information about population health

• supports planning

• tracks progress

• builds awareness

• identifies potential interventions

• inform policy and policy makers