Week 4

when a factory, school, hospital etc has to close permanently

closure (n) sự đóng cửa

Several military bases are threatened with closure.

factory/hospital/school etc closure the problem of school closures

when a road, bridge etc is closed for a short time so that people cannot use it

closure

On the M40, there are lane closures near Oxford.

shared or made by every member of a group or society

collective (a) tập thể

a collective decision made by all board members

our collective responsibility for the environment

a country or area that is under the political control of a more powerful country, usually one that is far away

colony (n) - colonial (a) : thuộc địa

Algeria was formerly (trước đây) a French colony.

spoken description of an event, given while the event is happening, especially on the television or radio

commentary (n) lời/bài bình luận

The royal wedding will be accompanied by a live television commentary.

a product that is bought and sold

commodity (n) hàng hoá

agricultural commodities

Commodity prices fell sharply (giảm mạnh)

able to talk easily to other people

communicative (a) tính cách thích nói chuyện/giao tiếp với mọi người

Tom wasn’t very communicative, and kept himself to himself.

elating to the ability to communicate, especially in a foreign language 

communicative (a) giao tiếp (kỹ năng)

students’ communicative skills

small, but arranged so that everything fits neatly into the space available

compact (a) nhỏ gọn

The compact design of the machine allows it to be stored easily.

The students’ rooms were compact, with a desk, bed, and closet built in.

similar to something else in size, number, quality etc, so that you can make a comparison

comparable /ˈkɒmpərəbəl/ tương đương

A car of comparable size would cost far more abroad.

to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem

compensate /ˈkɒmpənseɪt/ bồi thường, bù đắp (C1)

Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries.

compensate sb for st: The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.

the ability to do something well; able to do st well

competence (n) (C1) năng lực - competent (a) có năng lực

Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable.

He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English.

a competent secretary/rider/cook

to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it

complement /ˈkɒmplɪment/ (v) tôn lên, bổ sung

Strawberries and cream complement each otherperfectly.

The dark red walls complement the red leather chairs.

a remark that expresses approval, admiration, or respect

compliment (n) lời khen

pay/give sb a compliment: He was always paying her compliments.

I take it as a compliment (= I am pleased) when people say I look like my mother.

Are you fishing for (= trying to get) compliments?

to say something nice to someone in order to praise them

compliment (v) khen

compliment sb on st: Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle.

I complimented Robert on his great cooking.

a problem or situation that makes st more difficult to understand or deal with 

complication (n) sự phức tạp

The fact that the plane was late added a further complication to our journey.

a medical problem or illness that happens while someone is already ill and makes treatment more difficult (biến chứng)

complication (n) biến chứng

Pneumonia (viêm phổi) is one of the common complications faced by bed-ridden (nằm liệt giường) patients.

to act according to an order, set of rules, or request

comply /kəmˈplaɪ/ (with) (v) tuân thủ

There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.

to produce music, poetry, or formal writing

compose /kəmˈpəʊz/ (v) sáng tác, soạn nhạc - composer (n)

The music was specially composed for the film.

He composed this poem for his wife.

something that is made of various different parts

composite (n) sự kết hợp

The main character in her latest novel is a composite of several public figures of that era.

the ability to understand completelyand be familiarwith a situation, facts

comprehension /ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃən/ = understanding

He has no comprehension of the size of the problem.

How she manages to fit so much into a working day is beyond my comprehension (= I cannot understand it).

the act or process of calculating an answer or amount by using a machinea

computation = calculation

the computation of the monthly statistics

to imagine something

conceive (v) hình dung, tưởng tượng

I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old.

I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.

the process by which heat or electricity goes through a substance

conduction (n) sự dẫn điện

the conduction of electricity

a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business, politics, or science, especially for several days

conference (n) hội nghị - confer (v)

Representatives from over 100 countries attended the International Peace Conference in Geneva.

the shape or arrangement of the parts of something

configuration = layout (n) cấu hình, bố cục

the configuration of pistons in an engine

to keep sb or st within the limits of a particular activity or subject

confine = restrict = limit: giới hạn

confine st to st: The police cadet’s duties were confined to taking statements from the crowd. 

We confined our study to ten cases.

to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected

confound (v) gây ngạc nhiên/gây khó hiểu

His amazing recovery confounded the medical specialists.

a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning

connotation (n) /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃən/

The word ‘professional’ has connotations of skill and excellence.

noticing or realizing something

conscious = aware (v) nhận ra

conscious of (doing) st: I became conscious of someone watching me. 

I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good impression.

awake and able to understand what is happening around you

conscious = awake # unconscious 

The driver was still conscious when the ambulance arrived.

an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts

consensus = agreement (n) sự đồng thuận

a lack of consensus on/about the aims of the project

There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world. 

The EU Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration.

permission to do something 

consent /kənˈsent/ (n) sự cho phép

He took the car without the owner’s consent. 

Her parents gave their consent to the marriage.

agreement about something

consent /kənˈsent/ (n) sự đồng ý

The chairman was elected by common consent (=with most people agreeing).

divorce by mutual consent (=by agreement between both the people involved)

the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed

conservation (n) - conserve (v) sự bảo tồn (n) - bảo tồn (v)

wildlife conservation 

a local conservation group

the parts or structure of something (formal)

constitution (n) /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃən/ cấu tạo - constitute (v) chiếm (bao nhiêu %)

What’s the chemical constitution of the dye?

a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by 

constitution (n) /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃən/ hiến pháp

The right to speak freely (quyền tự do ngôn luận) is written into the Constitution of the United States.