Introductory Biology Concepts and Applications

Flashcards covering branches of biology, characteristics of life, levels of biological organization, unifying themes, and applications in society from lecture notes.

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A mnemonic representing the branches of biology: Microbiology, Botany, Zoology, Ecology, Genetics, and Biotechnology.

Microbiology

The branch of biology studying microorganisms.

Botany

The branch of biology studying plants.

Zoology

The branch of biology studying animals.

Ecology

The branch of biology studying interactions between organisms and their environment.

Genetics

The branch of biology studying heredity and variation.

Biotechnology

The application of biological systems in technology and industry.

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A mnemonic representing the characteristics of life: Response to stimuli, Growth & development, Reproduction, Regulation & homeostasis, Energy processing, Evolutionary adaptation, and Heredity.

Organization

A characteristic of life stating living organisms are made of organized parts, starting with the cell.

Response to Stimuli

A characteristic of life where living organisms respond to their environment.

Growth & Development

A characteristic of life where living organisms increase in size and change as they mature.

Reproduction

A characteristic of life where living organisms can produce new offspring.

Regulation & Homeostasis

A characteristic of life where living organisms keep their internal organs stable.

Energy Processing

A characteristic of life where living organisms need and use energy to survive and perform activities.

Evolutionary Adaptation

A characteristic of life where living organisms have traits that help them survive in their environment over generations.

Heredity

A characteristic of life where genes are passed down from parents to offspring.

Molecular Level

A level of biological organization formed when $2$ or more atoms are joined.

Cellular & Tissue Level

A level of biological organization where the cell is the basic unit of life, and tissue is a group of cells working together.

Organ Level

A level of biological organization made of groups of tissues.

Organ System Level

A level of biological organization made of groups of organs.

Organism Level

A complete living thing.

Population Level

Organisms of the same species living in the same area.

Community Level

A biological level comprised of all biotic factors in a given area.

Ecosystem Level

A level of biological organization encompassing both biotic and abiotic factors.

Biosphere Level

All ecosystems on Earth combined.

Energy Flow

A unifying theme represented by an energy pyramid showing sun $\rightarrow$ producers $\rightarrow$ consumers, where $90\%$ is heat loss following the $10\%$ rule.

Cellular Respiration

The process of converting food/sugar into energy/ATP, allowing chemicals to be recycled.

Structure & Function

Structure refers to what a thing is composed of and how parts work together; Function refers to what it does.

Genetic Information Pathway

The pathway where DNA stores instructions for an organism, flowing as: DNA $\rightarrow$ genes $\rightarrow$ proteins $\rightarrow$ traits.

Evolution

Populations changing over generations because of genetic variation.

Matter & Energy Dynamics

Energy is consumed and flows through an ecosystem ($10\%$ rule), while matter cycles.

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A mnemonic for biology in different fields: Medicine, Biotech & genetic engineering, Environmental conservation, Agri & food production, and Public health & disease prevention.

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A mnemonic for how biology helps society: Health, Food, Environment, Medicine, Genetics, and Conservation.