intelligence unit

Intelligence

The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations, encompassing skills such as reasoning, memory, creativity, and social understanding.

G (general intelligence factor)

A concept by Charles Spearman suggesting intelligence is a single ability that affects performance across different tasks.

Factor Analysis

A statistical technique for identifying patterns in data by exposing underlying factors that account for relationships between variables.

Howard Gardner

A psychologist known for the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which posits that intelligence consists of various types, such as linguistic and spatial intelligence.

Robert Sternberg

A psychologist who proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, categorizing intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical types.

L.L. Thurstone

Suggested that intelligence comprises seven distinct mental abilities, including reasoning and verbal comprehension, which operate independently.

Emotional Intelligence

The capability to identify, understand, and manage one’s own emotions and empathize with the emotions of others.

Social Intelligence

The ability to comprehend and interpret one's own and others' behaviors and actions.

Alfred Binet

A psychologist who created the first modern intelligence test to assist in identifying students requiring academic support.

Stanford-Binet & Wechsler

Two well-known intelligence tests, with the Stanford-Binet measuring cognitive abilities and the Wechsler scales assessing a wider range of intelligence.

IQ

A score derived from standardized tests measuring cognitive ability relative to the average population.

Reliability

The consistency of a test's results over time, where a reliable test yields similar scores upon repeated administration.

Standardization

The uniform process of administering and scoring a test to ensure comparable results across different individuals or groups.

Normal Distribution

A bell-shaped curve representing how traits, such as intelligence scores, are distributed in a population, with most scores clustering around the mean.

Stereotype Threat

A phenomenon where individuals may underperform in tests due to fear of confirming negative stereotypes about their social or cultural group.

Savant Syndrome

A rare condition where individuals with developmental disorders display extraordinary skills or talents in certain areas.

Creativity

The cognitive processes that lead to novel inventions, ideas, or solutions to problems.

Creative Intelligence

The ability to generate innovative ideas or find original solutions to problems.

Practical Intelligence

The capacity to adapt or shape oneself to meet environmental demands and achieve personal goals effectively.

Aptitude Test

An assessment designed to measure an individual's potential to learn or perform specific tasks.

Achievement Test

An assessment aimed at estimating how much knowledge or skills a person has attained.

Analytic Intelligence

The mental strategies used to plan and solve academic and practical problems.

Flynn Effect

The observed trend of rising scores on standardized intelligence tests over time.

Criterion

A standard or benchmark used to evaluate or measure something.

Content Validity

The degree to which a measurement covers all necessary aspects and elements related to the subject matter.

Predictive Validity

The extent to which a score on a test can forecast future performance or outcomes.

Mental Retardation

A condition characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and related limitations in adaptive skills.

Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

Mental Age

The level of mental capability an individual exhibits in relation to average age expectations.

Conditioning

A learning process involving lasting changes in behavior as a result of experience or practice.

Rewards

Positive reinforcements in operant conditioning that encourage repeated behavior.

Punishments

The application or removal of factors in conditioning meant to discourage certain behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process whereby a natural response is triggered by a previously neutral stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Stimuli

Any external factors that can provoke a response or reaction.

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any conditioning.

Unconditioned Response

The automatic or instinctive reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response

The learned response triggered by the conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred.