BPK 140 Midterm

T/F: Knowledge about health is all you need to undertake a behaviour change

False

T/F: Poor lifestyle choices can be directly linked to mortality rates in the late twentieth century

True

T/F: Social support is not important for motivation during a behaviour change program

False

T/F: Belief that you are in control of your own life is known as having an internal locus of control

True

T/F: Working toward realistic goals will increase your chances of success

True

According to the stages of change model, people at this stage do not think they have a problem and do not intend to change their behaviour:

a. Precontemplation b. Contemplation c. Preparation d. Action e. Maintenance

a. Precontemplation

The precontemplation stage is best characterized by:

a. an awareness of the problem b. a modification of behaviour c. a belief that there is no need for change d. a planning for change e. a commitment to a timeline

c. a belief that there is no need for change

The belief in one's ability to be successful in the performance of a given task is termed

a. self-esteem b. self-concept c. self-efficacy d. self-fulfilling prophecy e. self-worth

c. self-efficacy

In the past 100 years, the major causes of death have shifted from _____ to _____.

a. infectious diseases; chronic disease b. accidents; AIDS c. childbirth; infectious diseases d. heart disease; cancer e. chronic disease; tuberculosis

a. infectious disease; chronic disease

According to the "SMART" criteria; a behaviour change such as "drink eight cups of water every day" is an example of being:

a. realistic b. truthful c. too easy d. specific e. timely

d. specific

Which of the following is NOT an example of a social determinant of health?

a. Obtaining a permanent job b. Identifying as being part of a marginalized population c. Having "good genes" d. Early childhood experience e. Having a post-secondary degree

c. Having "good genes"

An individual has spoken to her physician about the risks of obesity and is determined to start losing weight in the near future. Which stage of change best describes this scenario?

a. Action b. Contemplation c. Precontemplation d. Preparation e. Maintenance

b. Contemplation

T/F: In 1984, the Canada Health Act was replaced by the Medical Care Act

False

T/F: MSP covers cosmetic surgery and prescription drugs

False

T/F: Western medicine identifies the causes of disease as pathogens, genetic factors, and unhealthy lifestyles

True

T/F: Western medicine focuses on the spiritual and psychological aspects of human functioning

False

T/F: Canadian physicians are paid by on a "fee-for-service" model

True

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Canada's health care system?

a. It was started by Tommy Douglas in 1948 b. It was initially based on the Medical Care Act c. It mandates healthcare as a right and not a privilege d. It mandates that private insurance be purchased by all residents e. The Canada Health Act replaced the Medical Care Act in 1984

d. It mandates that private insurance be purchased by all residents

Therapies or practices that do NOT form part of conventional health care are called

a. therapeutic treatments b. complementary and alternative medicine c. nonconventional medicine d. holistic medicine e. pharmaceuticals

b. complementary and alternative medicine

Which of the following is considered a problem with health care in Canada?

a. long wait lists for surgery b. long wait times in the ER c. Increasing costs overall d. an aging population e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The first step in the diagnostic process is:

a. a physical exam b. taking medical tests c. a medical history d. a second opinion e. a referral

c. a medical history

Which model best describes the Canadian Health Care system?

a. Free Enterprise Model b. Welfare State Model c. Socialist Model d. Fee-for-Service Model e. Private Insurance Model

b. Welfare State Model

Which TWO have the most pathogens?

a. toilet b. trash can c. kitchen sink d. dish cloths/sponges e. fridge

c. kitchen sink d. dish cloths/sponges

T/F: Pathogens can enter the body through penetration of skin, by inhalation, or by ingestion

True

T/F: Killer T cells can destroy cancer cells

True

T/F: During the incubation period for an infectious disease, you may not have any symptoms of illness but are contagious

True

T/F: Antibodies are produced by macrophages

False

T/F: The two main types of lymphocytes are T cells and C cells

False

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding treatment of gonorrhoea

a. penicillin and tetracycline are the current recommended treatment drugs b. once you have been treated for gonorrhoea, you cannot contract the disease again c. follow-up tests are not necessary because antibiotics always eradicate gonorrhoea d. while antibiotics typically cure gonorrhoea, drug-resistant strains of the disease are of major concern e. gonorrhoea levels have been falling for the past decade

d. while antibiotics typically cure gonorrhoea, drug-resistant strains of the disease are of major concern

Tears, saliva, and vaginal secretions are rich in ____ and ____ that break down and destroy many microorganisms

a. histamines; antigens b. antibodies; enzymes c. macrophages; killer T-cells d. lymphocytes; neutrophils e. acid; antigens

b. antibodies; enzymes

Gonorrhoea is best described as a sexually transmitted infection

a. that produces a painful rash b. characterized by the appearance of dry, rough growth on the genital area c. caused by a bacterium that usually affects mucous membranes d. characterized by recurrent outbreaks of blister like sores e. that has primary, secondary, and tertiary stages

c. caused by a bacterium that usually affects mucous membranes

A preparation of killed or weakened pathogens injected or taken orally to stimulate the body to produce antibodies is called a(n)

a. gamma globulin b. antibody c. vaccine d. immunoglobulin e. antibiotic

c. vaccine

Genital herpes is most often caused by

a. HSV 1 b. HSV 2 c: HAV d. HBV e. HIV

b. HSV 2

A death of a part of the heart muscle due to lack of blood and oxygen is called

a. ischemia b. angina pectoris c. stroke d. myocardial infarct e. atherosclerosis

d. myocardial infarct

T/F: Hypertension causes additional strain on the heart and blood vessels that can cause lesions predisposing vessels to develop atherosclerosis

True

T/F: The most common type of stroke is an ischemic stroke

True

T/F: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked

True

T/F: Hypertension often has no warning signs

True

T/F: T/F: Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain bursts

True

Which of the following is a treatment for heart disease?

a. angina pectoris b. balloon angioplasty c. electrocardiogram d. angiogram e. endoscopy

b. balloon angioplasty

Which of the following statements is FALSE

a. oxygenated blood returns to from the lungs via pulmonary vein b. cancer and CVD account for 3/5 deaths in Canada c. arteriosclerosis is characterized by softening of arterial walls d. nausea is one of many heart attack symptoms e. none of the above are false

c. arteriosclerosis is characterized by the softening of arterial walls

The arteries that branch from the aorta and provide blood to the heart muscle itself are ______ arteries

a. pulmonary b. systemic c. coronary d. femoral e. mesenteric

c. coronary

Which of the following combinations would place someone at the greatest risk for cardiovascular disease

a. low HDL and low LDL b. high HDL and high LDL c. low HDL and high LDL d. high HDL and low LDL e. any of the above

c. low HDL and high LDL

Males have a greater risk of heart attacks and strokes than females do because

a. fewer females than males have hypertension b. females have larger coronary arteries than males do c. females have a longer life expectancy than males d. males have more severe heart attacks than women do e. premenopausal females seem to be protected from heart disease by estrogen

e. premenopausal females seem to be protected from heart disease by estrogen

Approximately how many Canadians will encounter some type of cancer in their lifetime

a. 1 in 100 b. 1 in 10 c. 1 in 5 d. 1 in 2 e. 1 in 50

d. 1 in 2

CRISPR is a technique that allows

a. metastasis b. a cellular protein to be targeted directly and altered c. genetic material to be edited d. hormone levels to be altered with drugs e. tumours to be surgically removed

c. genetic material to be edited

T/F: All tumours are cancerous

False

T/F: Use of tanning lamps is not linked to skin cancer because tanning lamps emit a safe form of UV radiation

False

T/F: Antioxidants may act as carcinogens

False

T/F: Skin cancers are a classified as epithelial cancer

True

T/F: Cervical cancer is usually caused by a viral infection

True

The most common cause of cancer death in North America is

a. breast cancer b. colon and rectal cancer c. prostate cancer d. lung cancer e. skin cancer

d. lung cancer

Techniques for early detection of prostate cancer include a digital rectal exam and

a. ultrasound b. surgery c. a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test d. a CT scan e. endoscopy

c. a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas

a. spread rapidly b. may be pearly nodules or red and scaly patches c. are usually painful d. are rare forms of skin cancer e. are deadly

b. may be pearly nodules or red and scaly patches

Which of the following factors contributes to about 25% of all cancer deaths

a. tobacco use b. radiation c. family history d. alcohol use e. vaping

a. tobacco use

Which of the following statements about leukaemia is TRUE

a. leukaemia produces tumours b. leukaemia cells are considered malignant c. leukaemia cells are benign d. leukaemia is not considered cancer e. leukaemia is a type of red blood cell cancer

b. leukaemia cells are considered malignant

Which of the following is the most aerobic activity

a. power lift b. 100 metre dash c. a single long jump attempt d. half marathon e. 45 second ice hockey shift

d. half marathon

T/F: Any person planning to begin a fitness program should first have a medical exam

False

T/F: Men build larger muscles than women do through weight training because men have higher levels of testosterone

True

T/F: Exercise improves memory and learning

True

T/F: There is evidence that exercise reduces the risk of colon cancer

True

T/F: Strength training can help improve body composition by increasing muscle mass

True

Regular physical activity is linked to all the following, EXCEPT

a. lower endorphin levels b. reduced anxiety c. improved sleep d. improved mood

a. lower endorphin levels

All of the following are TRUE regarding exercise and people with chronic health concerns, EXCEPT

a. appropriate exercise is safe and beneficial for many with chronic health concerns b. for many with chronic health concerns, the risks of NOT exercising are far greater than those associated with moderate exercise c. anyone with a chronic health concern should consult a physician before beginning an exercise program d. fitness recommendations for the general population are not appropriate for people with chronic health concerns

d. fitness recommendations for the general population are not appropriate for people with chronic health concerns

In which of the following situations should John get a medical examination before beginning an exercise program

a. if he is inactive and over 40 years of age b. if he has diabetes or asthma c. if he has a history of heart disease d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is

a. discontinuous and unplanned b. inclusive of all daily activity c. usually random or unstructured d. planned, structured, and repetitive

d. planned, structured, and repetitive

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cardiorespiratory endurance

a. as it improves, the heart pumps more blood per heartbeat b. as it improves, resting blood pressure increases c. as it improves, the body can do more exercise with less effort As it improves, the heart can withstand the strains of everyday life

b. as it improves, resting blood pressure increases

Endurance athletes may benefit from consuming

a. vitamins b. proteins c. lipids d. carbohydrates e. minerals

d. carbohydrates

T/F: Complete proteins are found in animal food sources

True

T/F: Recommended daily fat intake is 20-35% of total daily calories

True

T/F: Foods containing large amounts of saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature

True

T/F: Consumption of refined carbohydrates causes a slower rise in blood glucose levels than does consumption of unrefined carbohydrates

False

T/F: Vegans eat plant food, dairy products, and eggs

False

Foods from most plant sources supply ______ proteins

a. complete b. incomplete c. essential d. non-essential e. secondary

b. incomplete

Carbohydrates provide _____ calories per gram

a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 12 e. 36

a. 4

Essential nutrients include all the following, EXCEPT

a. enzymes b. vitamins c. minerals d. amino acids e. water

a. enzymes

A good source of omega-3 fatty acids is

a. salmon b. chicken c. pork d. beef e. processed meats

a. salmon

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding fats

a. they are the most concentrated source of energy b. food fats are composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids c. food fats containing large amounts of fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature d. food fats that are polyunsaturated are usually solid at room temperature e. all of the statements are true

d. food fats that are polyunsaturated are usually solid at room temperature

T/F: Information through personal experience is not valid scientific evidence

True

T/F: To achieve optimal wellness, an individual must seek to develop at least four of the six dimensions of wellness

False

T/F: Most health problems occur at the same rate for men and women

False

Which of the following is not a modifiable risk factor

a. smoking b. exercising c. family history d. healthy diet

c. family history

The "A" in SMART goals stands for

a. academic b. attainable c. absolute d. awesome e. allowed

b. attainable

The "M" in SMART goals stands for

a. measurable b. mighty c. measured d. main e. magnitude

a. measurable

The "T" in SMART goals stands for

a. timid b. think c. time-based d. take-off e. tactful

c. time-based/time-bound

The "S" in SMART goals stands for

a. standard b. start c. safe d. seek e. specific

e. specific

The "R" in SMART goals stands for

a. recent b. rapid c. race d. relevant e. revolutionary

d. relevant

When evaluating health topics on the internet, check the

a. qualifications of the people behind the site b. latest media post on the topic c. testimonials for evidence d. blogs first e. related tweets

a. qualifications of the people behind the site

The most constructive response to a temporary setback in the pursuit of a new behaviour is

a. not tolerating any temporary failures b. increasing rewards to make efforts worthwhile c. accepting the blame for failing if you return to your old behaviour d. accepting the fact that problems may periodically occur e. relying on external reinforcement

d. accepting the fact that problems may periodically occur

T/F: In BC, residents must enrol in but no longer pay fees for the Medical Services plan

True

T/F: Western medicine is firmly based on the scientific method of obtaining knowledge and explaining health related phenomena

True

T/F: There are regions in Canada where the number of specialists per 10,000 people is 0

True

T/F: In Canada, physicians are self-employed

True

Which of the following is a practitioner who is trained to examine the eyes, detect eye diseases, and treat vision problems

a. oncologist b. podiatrist c. pediatrician d. optomotrist e. physician

d. optomotrist

The Canada Health Act has how many basic tenets

a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7

c. 5

1. public administration (publicly funded)

2. comprehensiveness (medical necessity provided to all citizens)

3. universality (same treatment for all citizens)

4. portability (transportable)

5. accessibility (can citizens receive healthcare?)

Compared to global averages, Canadians

a. make 4x more money b. have a life expectancy around 11 years longer c. have high access to publicly funded health care d. suffer less from infectious diseases e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Current major health challenges in Canada include:

a. cancer and cardiovascular disease b. increasing prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes c. hypertension d. mental health issues e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is a practitioner who specializes in the medical and surgical care of the feet

a. optomotrist b. podiatrist c. paediatrician d. oncologist e. physiotherapist

b. podiatrist

T/F: Viral meningitis is more dangerous than bacterial meningitis

False

T/F: There is a vaccine available for HIV in Canada

False