Addiction Exam 2

Which is true about the prevalence of tobacco?

About 20\% of the global adult population uses tobacco, indicating its widespread prevalence worldwide.

Which of the following was not an element of the Master Settlement Agreement?

The industry agreed to set the maximum pack size at 20 cigarettes was NOT an element of the Master Settlement Agreement. This agreement aimed to regulate tobacco advertising, sales, and fund anti-smoking initiatives.

Key elements of the Master Settlement Agreement include:

Key elements of the Master Settlement Agreement included: Billboard advertising was banned; The sale of merchandise bearing tobacco brand names was banned; The industry agreed to pay to support anti-smoking measures.

Which state has the highest tax on cigarettes?

New York has the highest tax on cigarettes among all U.S. states.

Which of the following contributed most to the initial decrease in the prevalence of tobacco during the 20th century?

The release of the Surgeon General's report on smoking and health in 1964 contributed most significantly to the initial decrease in the prevalence of tobacco during the 20th century by raising public awareness.

Which is true about nicotine?

A typical cigar contains enough nicotine to kill 2 adults. Nicotine is a highly potent and toxic substance.

Nicotine does not bind to muscle nicotine receptors because the composition of the receptor makes nicotine insensitive to this receptor.

True. Nicotine does not bind effectively to muscle nicotine receptors as their composition makes them insensitive to nicotine, differentiating them from neuronal receptors.

Activation of nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area leads to a decrease in glutamate and dopamine transmission.

False. Activation of nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) typically leads to an increase in dopamine transmission, not a decrease.

Which of the following is not an acute effect of smoking?

Dilation of blood vessels of hands, feet, and skin is NOT an acute effect of smoking. Smoking typically causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).

Acute effects of smoking include:

Acute effects of smoking include: Increased blood pressure; Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; Suppressed appetite; and vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).

Which of the following is not a biological treatment aimed at helping people quit tobacco?

Identifying environmental triggers for cravings is NOT a biological treatment aimed at helping people quit tobacco; it is a behavioral or psychological strategy.

Biological treatments to help people quit tobacco include:

Biological treatments to help people quit tobacco include: Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRTs); Administration of antidepressants (such as bupropion); Administration of nicotinic receptor partial agonists (such as varenicline).

The United States has the highest consumption of coffee and tea worldwide.

False. The United States does not have the highest consumption of coffee and tea worldwide; other countries, particularly in Europe and Asia, often surpass it in per capita consumption.

Which of the following age groups has the highest daily mean caffeine intake in the United States?

The 50-64 age group has the highest daily mean caffeine intake in the United States, likely due to established habits and increased consumption over time.

Which age group in the United States has the highest energy drink consumption?

The 18-24 age group in the United States has the highest energy drink consumption, likely due to factors like increased academic demands, social activities, and marketing targeting younger demographics.

Which is true regarding caffeine, soft drinks, and related products?

It is true that the FDA limits soft drinks to 71 mg of caffeine per 12 ounce drink, regulating the caffeine content in non-alcoholic beverages.

In which of these individuals is caffeine metabolism the fastest?

Caffeine metabolism is generally fastest in a 20-year-old woman, due to factors like liver enzyme activity, hormonal influences, and overall metabolic rate that typically peaks in young adulthood.

Which is true about the chronic effects of caffeine?

Regarding the chronic effects of caffeine, tolerance develops to its cardiovascular, respiratory, and sleep effects, but notably NOT to its effects on mood. This means individuals may still experience mood elevation or anxiety, even with prolonged use.

Which of the following is not one of the reasons to explain the increase in anti-alcohol attitudes and policies during the early 20th century in the United States?

Increased awareness of the effects of alcohol on the fetus and of fetal alcohol syndrome was NOT one of the reasons for the increase in anti-alcohol attitudes and policies during the early 20th century in the United States. This awareness developed later.

Key reasons for increased anti-alcohol attitudes and policies in the early 20th century US include:

Key reasons for increased anti-alcohol attitudes and policies in the early 20th century US include: With the establishment of the federal income tax, revenue from the tax on liquor was not needed as much; Beer had associations with Germany, intensifying during WWI, making it considered a threat to national strength; There was a strong religious revival sweeping the nation, which often advocated for temperance.

Which is true about ethanol’s effects on neurotransmitters?

It is true that in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), ethanol indirectly decreases GABA transmission, which leads to disinhibition and subsequent increase in dopamine release contributing to its rewarding effects.

Which of the following is not a characteristic seen in fetal alcohol syndrome?

Dwarfism is NOT a characteristic seen in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is primarily characterized by distinct facial features, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system abnormalities.

Common characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) include:

Common characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) include: A short, upturned nose with a flat philtrum (the vertical groove between the base of the nose and the border of the upper lip); Kidney malfunctions; Impaired fine motor skills and coordination problems, along with other central nervous system dysfunctions and growth deficiencies.

Women are more susceptible to blackouts than men are.

True. Women are generally more susceptible to blackouts than men are, even at similar levels of alcohol consumption, due to differences in metabolism and body composition.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects Robinson’s and Berdige’s position regarding the incentive-sensitization theory?

The psychological process of 'liking' a reward (the pleasure derived from receiving it) is distinct from 'wanting' a reward (the motivational drive or craving for it) in the brain. This distinction is central to Robinson and Berridge's incentive-sensitization theory of addiction.