AP Euro flashcards 1

Annex

To combine (territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state

Ex: The US annexed Hawaii in 1898

Vernacular

Language of the home country

Ex: in Italy - Italian

John Wycliffe was an early advocate for translation of the Bible into vernacular.

Export

To ship goods to other countries or places for sale, exchange, etc

Ex: In 2013 the largest American export was engines and machines.

Import

To bring in (merchandise, commodities, workers, etc) from a foreign country for use, sale, processing, or services.

Ex: In 2013 the US imported $2.6 billion worth of precious stone from South Africa.

Antiquity

The period of history before the Medieval period, aka… Middle Ages.

Ex: The two principal civilizations of early Antiquity are those of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Missionary

A person sent by a church into an area to carry on evangelism or other activities - such as educational or hospital work

Ex: Christian missionaries who went to Africa, India and China were often incredibly ethnocentric and insulting to the native population.

Clergy

Church leaders who are ordained (trained and given authority by the pope)

Ex: One important outcome of the Black Death was the chaos that weakened the Church because of the loss of so many well educated clergymen.

Infallible

When an individual cannot be wrong

Ex: Some early church cities began to challenge the infallibility of the pope.

Levy

To impose

Ex: In1767 England levied a duty (tax) on tea, glass, paper and paint in its North American colonies.

Reparations

Compensation I money, material, labor, etc., payable by a defeated country to another country or to an individual for loss suffered during, or as a result of war

Ex: Germany was forced to pay impossibly high reparations to the Allied power at the end of WWI.

Fiscal

Of or pertaining to financial matters

Ex: The fiscal policies of Jean Baptiste Colbert helped propel France to superpower status in the 17th century

Inevitable

Sure to occur, happen, or come; unalterable

Ex: It was believed that war was inevitable after the assassination of Archduke Fran’s Ferdinand was shot on June 28, 1914

Suffrage

The right to vote

Ex: Militant women in Britain took radical actions to demand suffrage in the early 20th century

Concession

Something given up or yielded by a government, as a grant of land, a privilege, or a franchise

Ex: In order to hold on to power, the king gave concession to his nobles, giving them control over their serf.

Secular

Non-religious

Ex: Secular music became more common during the 18th century

Inflation

A general rise in the price of goods which makes a consumers’ purchasing power less

Ex: Inflation was so terrible in Germany in the year 1923 that it led to unrest across the country

Abdicate

To give up one’s power or throne

Ex: Czar Nicholas ll was forced to abdicate his throne because of the March Revolution in 1917

Bureaucracy

The body of officials and administrators of a government

Ex: king Louis XIV used his large bureaucracy to help him keep the government firmly in control of all things in France

Rebellion

Resistance to or dedicate of any authority, control, or tradition

Ex: The desperate peasants stated a rebellion against the king who ignored their plight

Pious

To be sincerely do keys to God; one who is very religious

Ex: Mother Theresa was a wonderful example of a pious nun; her devotion to helping the poor in Bangladesh earned her the respect of Church leaders and the world

Assimilation

The process of adapting or adjusting to the culture of a group or nation, or the state of being so adapted

Ex: American immigrants are expected to assimilate into the mainstream culture as quickly as possible

Sovereignty

Independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state

Ex: Britain’s repeated violation of America’s sovereignty led to the War of 1812

Pacifist

A person who is opposed to war or violence

Ex: The movie, Hacksaw Ridge, is about pacifist Desmond Doss who served as a medic in World Word 2.

Subsistence

The source from which food amd other items necessary to exist are obtained

Ex: Until the 2nd agricultural revolution, subsistence farming was the norm. Farmers grew just enough to survive — nothing extra.

Advocate

To speak or write in favor of; support or urge by argument; recommend publicly

Ex: John Stuart Mill ran for elected office in 1866 as an advocate of women’s suffrage

Armaments

Weapons

Ex: World War l soldiers suffered immensely from the high tech armaments produced in Europe’s factories

Grievance

Complaint

Ex: The grievances of the German peasants were not addressed by the nobility and so the peasants rebelled

Scarcity

Rare, shortness of supply

Ex: The scarcity of diamonds in the world make them valuable, and thus expensive.

Eradicate

To remove or destroy

Ex: It is my hope that cancer will be eradicated by the end of the 21st century.

Catalyst

A person or event that causes change or action (to start something)

Ex: The assignation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo was the catalyst for World War I.

Encroachment

To advance beyond proper, established, or usual limits.

Ex: This new government is encroaching on the individual rights of its citizens.

Condemned

To express an unfavorable or adverse judgement on; indicate strong disapproval of.

Ex: The Pope condemned Martin Luther’s writings as heretical.

Abroad

In a foreign country

Ex: College students have the opportunity to study abroad in many fascinating places.

Schism

A division

Ex: The greatest schism in church history occurred between the church of Constantinople (East) and the Church of Rome (West) in 1054.

Subsidized

Money furnished by a government to help a business or individual be successful

Ex: The United States currently pays around $20 billion per year to farmers in direct subsides as “farm income stabilization.”

Hindered

To prevent from doing, acting, or happening

Ex: The Catholic Church hindered scientists from exploring new conceptions of the universe that challenged church doctrine.

Dogma

An official system of principles or tenets concerning faith, morals, behavior, etc., as of a church

Ex: Catholic dogma stated that the pope was infallible.

Perpetuate

To preserve or to continue something on (to repeat)

Ex: Unfortunately, racism is often perpetuated for generations of families passing on their beliefs to their kids.

Convene

To come together or assemble

Ex: The meeting will convene tomorrow morning.

Legacy

Anything handed down from the past, as from an ancestor or predecessor.

Ex: Social Security is an important part of President Franklin Rosevelt’s legacy.

Autonomy

The state or condition of having independence or freedom; or the right of self-government

Ex: The founding fathers demanded autonomy from England.

Disdain

To look upon or treat with contempt; despise; scorn

Ex: European nobles had disdain for the peasantry.

Domestic

Of or pertaining to one’s own country, as apart from other countries

Ex: Some American presidents want to focus their efforts on creating strong domestic policies.

Relinquish

To surrender or give up

Ex: Great Britain relinquished their control of their Indian colony in 1947.

Demographic

A social statistic of a human population, such as births or deaths

Ex: Historians use demographic information to help us make sense of the past.

Exacerbate

To make worse, to increase in severity

Ex: Industrialization and urbanization of British cities in the 19th century exacerbated the problems of the working class.