november 2021

Is the phosphate group on a nucleotide charged?

Ye sit has a negative charge due to bonds between phosphorus and oxygen

What is intraspecific variation?

Variation within a single species

What is continuous vs discontinuous variation?

Gradual measurable differences eg height vs distinct groups eg blood group

What does a t-helper cell do?

Attach to surface antigens and undergo mitosis

Produce cytokine molecules called interleukins that trigger phagocytes to increase rate of phagocytosis

What do t killer cells do?

Attaches and releases a chemical called perforin which triggers cell destruction

What do t regulator cells do

Down regulate the immune system once the pathogen has been destroyed

How does a genetic code code for a protein

• 3 bases code for one amino acid

• The sequence of bases determines the primary structure

• Codes are non overlapping

What are 3 cellular functions of the cytoskeleton?

• mechanical strength to cells

• Movement of vesicles

• Formation of cilia/flagella

How is Tubulin essential to protein secretion and protein synthesis

• movement of vesicles from Golgi to cell surface membrane

• Movement of mRNA from nucleus to ribosome

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

What does protease break down

Proteins - amino acids, w.g histones (proteins associated with DNA)

what is personalized medicine?

development of a drug linked to the genes of an individual

what is synthetic biology?

the synthesis of new genes/organisms