Section Twelve- Project Sitework

total haul distance =

free haul distance + overhaul distance

can the intervals be irregular for the trapezoidal method , simpson 1/3 rule method, and average end area method

no , false

materials in natural state before disturbance (inplace , in situ) CUT

bank volume

material that has been disturbed or excavated

loose volume

material after compaction, FILL

compacted volume

volumes of piles are _____ (_CY)

loose

to calculate the amount of overhaul =

areas under the curve (triangle) OR overhaul volume x (AOHD-FHD)

How much borrow is needed for this project (DONT TAKE AREA UNDER CURVE)

800 + 800 +800

what goes down on cumulative volume diagram

borrow

what goes up on cumulative volume diagram

waste

total volume of soil moved in photo

major structure steaks (substructure)

set stakes for footings bents, abutments, wingwalls. 2 ref points each with a marker stake that provide elevation distance and line ref for controlling lines

major structure stakes (supersturture)

temp bench marks set on top of columns, one set of control stakes at a constant offset to the alignemnt set of the soffit forms

statioary control point

single line between boxes all subsequent boxes refer back to the top box

moving control point

double lines between boxes, boxes refer to the previous box

process the land surface is worn away by the action of water, wind, ice and gravity

erosion

dislodging and removal rate of soil particles depend on a number of contributing factors

ground cover, climate, topography, soil characteristics

process which eroded material is transported and deposited by water, wind , ice and gravity

sedimentation

vegatative covered stripped away, soil surface exposed to raindrop impact

splash erosion

removal of exposed surface soil casued by action of unchanneld surface runoff, sheet flow transports soil particles that have been detached by splash erosion

sheet eroision

surface flow changes from sheet flow to deeper concentrated flow along low spots of soil surface, creating rivulets, cutting grooves called rills into soil

rill erosion

runoff cuts rills deeper and wider or when the flows from several rills come together and form a large channel

gully erosion

scouring away from stream banks, degrading or down cutting streambeds or repeated high flows for extended duration causes bank erosion SIGNIFICATN CONTRIBUTOR OF SEDIMENT LOADS TO SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

streambank/ streambed erosion

similar to sheet erosion, except wind is transportation other than water

wind erosion

very find dirt and dust are lifted in wind. saltation partcles drift horizontally acorss the surface increases in velocity

suspension and saltation

large particles, heavy to be lifted into wind, roll across surface and cause more damage

surface creep

predicts the long term losses in runoff from field areas under spcified cropping and mangement systems

universal soil loss equation

impacts of construction activities

removal of soil organic matter, removal of vegetation, reshape ground, exposure of subsoil, impervious, noise, landscape change, right of way (temp/ perm), economic/ social

impact of eroision

loss of soil productivity, loss of ecosystem, loss of reservoir storage capacity and flooding, deterioration of water quality

diminishing of soil to support plant growth

loss of soil productivity

destruction of streamside vegetation that provides food to wildlife/ spawn areas for fish

loss of ecosystem

reduce design capacities from eroded soil settled in reserviors

loss of reservoir stroage capcacity hence flooding

sediment finding its ways to water become contaminants/ pollutants

deterioration of water quality

tmining, staging, minimizing the amount of exposed soil and directing surface water runoff away from exposed soil

ways to minimize erosion during construction

erosion control practicies primarily involve _____ when possible or stabilizing exposed soils with temp covers/ perm vegetation

preserving natural vegetation

types of erosion prevent

buffer zone, dust control, ground cover, hydraulic applications, matting, plastic sheeting, preserve natural vegetation, seeding (temp/perm), sod

effective natural method of soil stabilization

compost blanket, grass channels, prefab blankets, seeding/ fertilizing

non vegetative practices for erosion control

geotextiles, chemical stabilization, stream bank stabilization