Fichas de aprendizaje Motivation, Emotion, stress and health | Quizlet

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a behavior that an organism inherits

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

need

Basic requirement for survival

drive

generalized state of readiness precipitating or motivating an activity or course of action. Drive is hypothetical in nature, usually created by deprivation of a needed substance

primary drives

innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs

secondary drives

drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

opponent-process theory of emotion

Theory that when a strong emotional response to a particular stimulus disrupts emotional balance, an opposite emotional response is eventually activated to restore emotional equilibrium. That when one emotion is experienced the opposite is repressed. Ex:fear and relief

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals, when stimulated brings hunger, when destroyed stops eating

ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating. when stimulated stop eating, when destroyed over eat.

set point theory

belief that hypothalamus plays a role to regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined '____' This ____ is determined by genetics, gender, exercise, metabolism and more.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

obesity

having an excess amount of body fat

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas. Top 10 american core value (specifically individualistically)

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

sexual motivation

the natural impulse to gratify sexual needs

James-Lange Theory/Two-Factor arousal theory

the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Increase Appetite hormones

ghrelin and orexin

Ghrelin

secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain (small stomach=less secretion)

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Decrease appetite

insulin, leptin, PYY

Insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar.

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

Taste Prefrences

sweet vs salty is genetic. Hot climates prefer spice food. All that is biological, but psychologically friends, serving size, and nutrition affect

4 basic psychological motivations

affiliation, achievement, intrinsic/extrinsic, psychology at work

Affiliation Theory

We are motivated by a need to belong

Motivation by Psychology at Work

In career there is room for advancement, a calling brings highest fulfillment, flow (when one is engaged in an activity that fully engages our skills), an organizational Industrial is a person will try to motivate employees to be more productive

Emotion

mix of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and consciously expressing thoughts and feelings.

Biological influences on emotion

-physiological arousal

-evolutionary adaptiveness

-response pathways in the brain

-spillover effect

social culture influences on emotion

expressiveness

presence of others

cultural expectations

Psychological Influences on emotion

.cognitive labeling

.gender differences - women better at reading & displaying

emotions except for ANGER

10 basic emotions

joy, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

Fear

-both experiences and genes shape this

-activates amygdala (if amygdala is destroyed you are __full or __less)

-bypasses cortex area (like a reflex)

-Sympathetic nervous system will release norepinephrine, and epinephrine (adrenaline)

Phobias

most are learned except for those that result in biological preparedness

biological preparedness

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others. For instance a fear of snakes and spiders will lead to better survival

Aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. Can be heritable, and forgiveness stops this emotion. Frustration leads to more of this emotion

Freud instinct theory

Hydraulic model - aggression instincts build with time

- Catharsis - acting on aggressive energy to rid yourself of it

- Sublimation - Taking aggressive energy and channeling it into socially acceptable outlets

Thanatos (Freudian concept):

an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive action. Freud stated, "It is at work in every living being and is striving to bring it to ruin..."

Bandura Social Learning

- Learning through observation & imitation

- we observe people b/c we admire or respect them

- we can learn "vicariously" through other people

Ex. Baby imitating mother's clapping, Teenager dressing the same way as kids at school

happiness

the state of being happy

adaptive-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. Especially prevelant in happy experiences (eh not as cool as the past)

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Factors related to happiness

High self-esteem, being optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable, having close friendships or a successful marriage, having work and leisure that engages ones skills, having a meaningful religious faith, and sleeping well and exercising.

factors not related to happiness

age, gender, physical attractiveness, parenthood, education

nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

Proximity in Nonverbal Communication

-6ft is aquaintance distance

-0 to 3 ft is close relationship

-conveys different messages (can be cultural)

Kinesthetics in nonverbal communication

Big O mouth shape for shock

Body language shows a lot

ParaLanguage in nonverbal communication

tone of voice, texts don't have tone so harder to communicate

6 major stressors

Acute stressors, chronic stressors, frustration, conflict, change, and pressure

acute stressors

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint. Not as detrimental to body

chronic stressors

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit. More likely to worsen health. Leads to excessive inflamation which leads to depressive symptoms and cardiac disease.

frustration

A negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a goal.

Conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance-approach conflict

Conflict arising when the same choice has desirable and undesirable features

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

change

significant alterations in one's living circumstances that require adjustment. SRRS (social readjustment and rating scale) made by Holmes and Rahe

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events

pressure

Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.

emotional responses to stress

annoyance, anger, rage

apprehension, anxiety, fear

dejection, sadness, grief

fight or flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm (recognize threat, fight or flight, start rushing), resistance (fight or flight stabilizes and coping mechanisms begin) , exhaustion (physiological changes impact organs, and resources begin depleting).

Pathways Hypothalamus can activate in response to stress

endocrine and nervous

hypothalamus nervous system stress

ANS(sypathetic system) --> adrenal medulla--> secretion of catecholomines

hypothalamus endocrine system stress

pituitary gland --> ACTH (adrenocoritropic)--> adrenal cortex

--> secretion of corticosteroids

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Alfred Kinsey: sexual motivation

-attempted to assess sexual practices thru surveys and confidential interviews

-Kinsey Scale: 0-6 = heterosexual to homosexual; X = no interest in sex

-women = more varied/experimental than men

-variations in "normal" sex globally

-premarital sex, masturbation

-Kinsey Institute for Sex Orientation and Reproduction Research

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

excitement (sexual response cycle)

Results in genital areas becoming engorged w/ blood, vagina expands/secretes lubricant, breasts/nipples enlarge

plateau (sexual response cycle)

excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure

orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)

rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception, respiration and heart rate increase further, males ejaculate, often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria

resolution (Sexual Response Cycle)

respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states,

refractory period (sexual response cycle)

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial expressions are universal

learned helplessness (behavioral response to stress)

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Blaming of oneself.

indulging oneself (behavioral response to stress)

When super stressed we have reduced impulse control

Defensive coping (behavioral response to stress)

Sigma Freud. Ego struggles with stress so we unconsciously turn to ____. EX:Yelling at wife after hard day at work.

Constructive Coping (behavioral response to stress)

relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events.

Task Performance (psychological response to stress)

too much stress hinders memory. Yerkes dodson law

Burnout (psychological response to stress)

physically and emotionally exhausted from doing a task

Psychological Disorders (psychological response to stress)

Too much stress can lead to anxiety, PTSD, depression, etc

positive effects of stress

stress promotes resilience,and pushes you

Type A(personality)

competitive, impatient, time emergency, quicker to anger. More prone to having health and cardiovascular issues

Type B (personality)

nonchalant,amicable, agreeable, and patient

extreme emotional responses

may lead to cardiovascular issues.