PRAXIS Science 5005 Body & Rocks

Definitions & Concepts from 'Everything You Need to Ace Science in One Big Fat Notebook'

Mineral

Solid inorganic substance that is naturally formed in nature.

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed by cooling magma.

Hardness of a Mineral

How easily the mineral can be scratched.

Rock

A mixture of different minerals, volcanic glass, organic matter, and/or some other materials.

Rocky Cycle

How rocks are formed and how they change.

Three Main Types of Rocks

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

How can a sedimentary rock form?

Under large amounts of pressure, the sediment compacts and cements.

How can a metamorphic rock form?

Heat and pressure from the Earth can squeeze and deform into rock.

How can igneous rock form?

Magma that rises close to the Earth’s surface is cooled and hardened.

Metamorphic rocks

Earth squeezes and heats rocks into _____. The rock will get hot and becomes soft enough to deflate into pressure.

Sedimentary rocks

Most rocks exposed on the Earth’s surface are ____. Formed when sediments is compacted and cemented together. Formed layer by layer, oldest layer always being at the bottom.

Igneous Rocks

Cooling magma forms them ____. Magma will cool and atoms crystallize and form mineral grains. Rocks that grow below the surface are _____.

What is the most basic unit in the body?

A single cell.

Tissues

Cells that work together.

Organs

Tissues work together to accomplish a bigger job.

Organ Systems

Organs working together.

Epithelial Tissue

The outer layer of tissue on your body. Lines some of the body’s inner surface.

Connective Tissue

Connects tissues. Ligaments are a connective tissue that connects bones. Connective tissue will also fill in spaces.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue that can contract and expand, creating movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that relays messages throughout your body.

What does skin do?

Protects body from injury. Forms a barrier to prevent bacteria and organisms from entering. Prevents water loss. Regulates body temperature. Nerve endings that relay info about temperature, sensation and pain to the brain.

Muscular System

Controls movement. Movements that you can and cannot control.

Voluntary Muscles

Muscles you can control (Ex. Arm and Leg muscles).

Involuntary Muscles

Muscles you cannot control (Ex. Stomach and Heart muscles).

Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary muscles that move bones, such as the muscles in your arms and legs.

Tendons

Connective tissues that attach skeletal muscle to bones.

Smooth Muscles

Involuntary muscles that work in internal organs.

Cardiac Muscles

Involuntary muscles that make your heart pump. These are only found in your heart.

What does the skeletal system do?

Supports body and gives it shape. Protects internal organs. Stores calcium and other minerals.

Cartilage

Hard bones and a flexible hard tissue.

Compact Bone

Beneath the periosteum.

Spongy Bone

Beneath the compact bone in long bones. Like a hard sponge that has air pockets.

Bone Marrow

Fills bone cavities and the space in spongy bone. Looks yellow or red, while yellow is made of fat, the red is made of material made by the blood cells.

Joints

Where bones meet.

Ligaments

Connective tissue, holds the bones together at the joints.

Pivot Joint

Bones pivot, or rotate around a central point.

Gliding Joint

Bones glide over each other.

Hinge Joint

Bones hinge at a central point.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Bone is in a socket so it can rotate in a circle.

Nervous System

Gathers and relay information about your surroundings to the brain. Responds to external stimuli.

Parts of the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin).

Central Nervous System

(Brain & Spinal Cord) The brain is the control center for the body, and the spinal cord relays messages from the brain to the body.

Peripheral Nervous System

(Nerves outside the central nervous system) Includes sensory neurons and motor neurons.

Sensory Neurons

Relay information from your senses to the brain.

Motor Neurons

Relay information from the brain to your muscles, telling the body to move. Divided into two sections.

Somatic Nervous System

(Section of Motor Neurons) Controls voluntary movements (Ex. Running, Walking, and Chewing).

Autonomic Nervous System

(Section of Motor Neurons) Controls involuntary movement, or movements your body does automatically. Controls reflexes (Ex. Breathing and Digesting Food).

The Brain

Control center of the nervous system. Major parts are cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum.

Cerebrum

Controls thoughts and actions. Perception of taste, sight, touch, sound, and smell.

Brain Stem

Controls involuntary vital processes, such as breathing, digestion, and pumping of your heart.

Cerebellum

Bottom back of your brain. Helps with coordination, balance, and motor control.

Nerves

Basic functioning unit of the nervous system.

Sensory Neurons

Receive information such as the sensation of touch or smell.

Interneurons

Relay the brain’s response to motor neurons, which relay orders to your glands and muscles.

Dendrites

(Look like tiny branches) Receive an impulse, or a single, from another neuron, and then transmit the impulse to the cell body.

Axon

Transmits the signal from the cell body down toward the next neuron.

Neurotransmitter

The chemical the axon releases to the next neuron.

Endocrine System

Body’s other messaging system, that sends chemical messages through the bodies bloodstream.

Endocrine Glands

Release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Pituitary Gland

Attached to the brain and is very small. Controls a range of functions such as blood pressure, metabolism, and pain relief. Produces growth hormones.

Thyroid Gland

Part of your throat and where the vocal chords are. Regulates metabolism and the amount of calcium absorbed by the body.

Pancreas

Produces insulin (hormone that controls blood sugar levels).

Ovaries

(Female) Produce estrogen (female sex hormone, controls puberty and progesterone).

Testes

(Male) Produce testosterone (male sex hormone that controls puberty and ability to produce sperm).

Digestive System

Takes in food, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients into your body.

Parts of the digestive tract

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Salivary glands, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus.

Proteins

Made of amino acids. Found in meat, eggs, beans, peas, nuts, and diary products.

Carbohydrates

Can be sugars, starches or fibers. Found in bread, pasta, potatoes, sugar, fruit, and vegetables.

Fats

Provide the body with energy, insulation, and cushioning. Found in fish, meat, nuts, oil, and eggs.

Vitamins

Nutrients that we need for growth and cell function. Can be found in every type of food.

Minerals (For Body)

Needed to maintain proper body functions. (Ex. calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, iron, and iodine). Found in spinach, diary, bananas, nuts, eggs, meat, and seafood.

Excretory System

Removes waste from the body. This helps the body maintain homeostasis.

Urinary System

Filters your blood and gets rod of waste and excess water, salt, and minerals. Kidneys are the main organs in this system.

Respiratory System

Cellular respiration is a series of reactions that breaks down glucose, releasing chemical energy for your body to use. Uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and waster as waste products.

Parts of the respiratory tract

Pharynx, Epiglottis, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli.

Breathing

Mechanical process of taking in air.

Circulatory System

Transportation system in the body. Carries and distributes things like nutrients, sugars, and oxygen to different parts of the body.

Blood

Liquid that actually transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and other substances.

Heart

Engine of the circulatory system. Pumps blood to different parts of the body.

Immune System

Protects and fights against infection and disease.

Lymphatic System

Collects fluid from the body and filters the fluid in small lumps of tissue scattered throughout the body.

Reproductive System

When humans reproduce, the male and female sex cells unite to form a zygote.

Male Reproductive System

Composed of a number of organs. Penis (Urethra which makes semen), Scrotum, Testes.

Female Reproductive System

Includes the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes.

Menstrual Cycle

Prepares for reproduction.