Building Technology 1

Cromlech

is a CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT OF MEGALITHS enclosing a dolmen or burial mound

Stonehenge

-the most imposing megalith monument in existence.

-known as Dance of the Giants (12th cent.), Sarcen Circle (Present)

Marble

Primary building material during the Greek period.

Concrete

Primary building material during the Roman period.

Cocrete

Steel

Glass

Building materials during the modern period.

John Smeaton

made the FIRST MODERN CONCRETE (hydraulic cement) in 1756 by adding pebbles as course aggregate and mixing powdered brick into cement.

Joseph Aspdin

invented PORTLAND CEMENT in 1824.

Joseph Monier

invented REINFORCED CONCRETE in 1849 and patented it in 1867.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Famous for his quote: "Deus Arquitectus Mundi. Acquitectus secundus Deus". In english, "God is the architect of the world, architects are second to God."

Masonry

any construction laid in bricks, blocks or stones. common materials: concrete block, clay tile, stone, mortar, etc.

Asphalt

-used as cements to hold stonework together.

-some was mixed with sand and used to pave streets and palace floors.

Portland Cement

-raw materials: limestone, clay, and sand.

-used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, shingles, pipes, beams, etc.

-used as a modern mortar.

Concrete

-world's most widely used construction material

-mixture of sand, aggregate, cement, and water.

-used in walls, as foundations, as mortar.

Iron

-a common, pale-coulored, strong metal, with symbol Fe.

-used as a basic ingredient of steel.

Hardwoods

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES:

-Generally broad DECIDUOUS trees; used to describe wood from angiosperm trees; eg: Ash, beach, maple, cherry, etc.

Softwoods

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES:

Generally needle leaved CONIFEROUS trees that bear their seeds in cones; eg: Pine, birch, cypress.

Lumbering

term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for commercial purposes.

Skidding

pieces of logs are transferred to an assembly area, loaded to transport equipment which is carried out of the forest to a sawmill.

Bucking

process of sawing into smaller pieces after the branch is removed.

wind/cup shake

cracks/breaks across annual rings of timber.

star shake

series of heart shakes thus forming a STAR-LIKE manner.

dry rot

WOOD DEFECTS:

the PRESENCE OF MOISTURE caused by fungi in seasoned wood.

wet dry

WOOD DEFECTS:

takes place sometimes in the growth of the tree caused WATER SATURATION.

bow

WOOD DEFECTS:

a CURVE along the face of a board that usually runs FROM END TO END.

checking

WOOD DEFECTS:

a CRACK in the wood structure of a piece usually running LENGTHWISE.

crook

WOOD DEFECTS:

WARPING along the edge from ONE END TO ANOTHER.

twist

WOOD DEFECTS:

WARPING where the ends TWIST IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

cupping

WOOD DEFECTS:

WARPING along the face of a board across the width of the board.

Wane

WOOD DEFECTS:

The presence of bark or absence of wood on corners of a piece of lumber.

blue stain

WOOD DEFECTS:

a DISCOLORATION that penetrates the wood fiber.

Machine burn

WOOD DEFECTS:

a DARKENING of the wood due to overheating.

pitch/ gum/ sap

WOOD DEFECTS:

an accumulation RESINOUS MATERIAL on the surface or in pockets below the surface of wood.

tight knot

WOOD DEFECTS:

a knot fixed by growth or position in the wood structure so that it firmly retains its place in the surrounding wood.

wormholes

WOOD DEFECTS:

SMALL HOLES in the wood caused by insects and beetles.

wood seasoning

WOOD DEFECTS:

drying of lumber.

Natural/ air seasoning

METHODS IN SEASONING OF LUMBER:

process of stacking sawn timbers in a clean, dry place using ATMOSPHERIC AIR AS DRYING AGENT.

Kiln drying

METHODS IN SEASONING OF LUMBER:

lumber PLACED IN A CHAMBER where airflow, temperature, and humidity are controlled.

Forced air drying

used for boosting the circulation of air.

Radio frequency dielectric drying

using radio frequency dielectric heat.

Wood preservation

TREATMENT OF TIMBER with certain chemicals that are poisonous to the fungi, insects that attact it.

-Physical

-Chemical

2 types of preservatives for wood

external processing

METHODS OF PRESERVATION:

COATING wood with preservative chemicals penetrating the fibers of the wood.

internal processing

METHODS OF PRESERVATION:

a chemical compound is IMPREGNATED at prescribe pressure to permeate the wood thoroughly.

Wood processing

an engineering discipline comprising the production of forest products, such as pulp, paper, construction materials, and tall oil.

Lumber

term applied to wood for use as a material for construction.

Lumbering

term pertaining to the operations made in preparing wood for commercial purposes.

Carpentry

the art and craft of making and constructing objects out of wood.

Wooden post

Wooden floor system

Roof system

3 major components of carpentry

Joinery

the art of joint making.

Metamorphic rocks

form deep within the earth when the heat and pressure are applied to either igneous or sedimentary rock.

Sedimentary rocks

it is formed by SEDIMENTATION of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

Body

Vehicle

Pigment

Components of paints

Plate glass

Float glass

Sheet glass

Types of Glass

Slump test

Compressive test

Core test

Concrete Testing Methods

Integrally pigmented finish

Screeded trowelled

Swirl

Broomed

Burlap drag

Travertine and rock salt

Stamped

Exposed aggregate

Form board

Form liner plastics

Dimpled

Types of Concrete Finishes

Expanded shale

Expanded slate

Porlite

Vermiculite

Types of Aggregates

Animal glue

Cellulose cement

Chlorinated (rubber) adhesive

Natural rubber cement

Casein glue

Types of Adhesive

Casein glue

A kind of glue made from PROTEIN MATERIAL; DRY POWDER mixed with water; has good bonding properties for wood to wood or paper to wood application.

admixture/ additive

Any substance other than cement, water or aggregate, added to the concrete or mortar mix to alter its properties or those of the hardened product

Concrete hardener

An additive which improves the denseness of concrete surface which are subjected to rolling live loads and impact.

Body

That solid, finely ground material which gives paint the power to hide, as well as color the surface.

Chalking

A paint defect characterized by progressive powdering from the surface inward.

enamel

Any paint or varnish drying to a smooth, hard, usually glossy finish.

Natural resin

A varnish made from natural resin or exudations from living trees.

ferrocement

A type of concrete having mortar with LARGE AMOUNT OF LIGHT GAUGE is used; it is used in bins, boat hulls and other thin complex shapes

Reinforced concrete

A type of concrete using REINFORCING BARS (plain or deformed) and MATS as primary reinforcement.

Integrally pigmented concrete

A type of concrete finish in which COLORING AGENTS are added to the mixture.

Stamped concrete

A concrete finish using proprietary aluminum tools to imprint various patterns in freshly placed horizontal concrete surface.

aggregate

Any of the various hard inert mineral material, such as sand and gravel, added to a cement paste to make concrete or mortar.

fillers

Finishing material used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grains, to till the pores and provide perfectly smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer.

Animal glue

A liquid glue having excellent bonding property with paper or glass and reasonably good bond with wood or metal.

Fire retardant

A type of paint which RETARDS THE PASSAGE OF FIRE to the surface beneath them.

Alkyd paint

A type of paint using alkyd in the formulation. It has a mild alkali resistance but excellent water resistance.

pigment

Paint component which GIVES ITS COLOR.

alligatoring

An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into large segments

thinner

Volatile solvents used to cause paint to flow better.

concrete having density of 135-165 lbs/cu.ft., compressive strength from 2,000psi - over 8,000psi.

Normal weight concrete

Slump test

A method of determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen.

Compressive test

A test for determing the compressive of a concrete batch, using a hydraulic press.

Shotcrete

A term used to describe mortar or concrete placed by high velocity compressed air that adheres to the surface.

Polymer-portland cement

type of concrete wherein monomer or polymer is added to freshly mixed concrete and subsequently allowed to cure.

sandglass

Concrete characterized by textured patterns through the use of templates.

Dimpled concrete

Concrete cast over a bed of crushed stone or gravel aggregate against a polyethylene sheet between them to prevent bonding.

vermiculite

Mica expanded by heat into very light wormlike threads.

Expanded shale/clay

A strong lightweight aggregate obtained by exfoliation of clay or shale

Vitreous colored glass

Polished plate glass which is heat strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color which is fire fused to the surface.

Acoustical glass

Laminated or insulating glass used for sound control.

Insulating glass

A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by hermetically sealed air spaces.

glass

A hard brittle usually transparent or translucent substance, produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer.

Laminated safety glass

This is made of two sheets or plate or sheet glass bounded by a thin tough layer of polyvinyl butyral resin.

Plate glass

A flat soda lime-silica glass that is extremely smooth and nearly distortion free.

Wired glass

A rolled glass in which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.

Crown glass

An old form of window glass formed by blowing and whirling a hollow sphere of glass into a flat circular disc.

Glass block

A translucent hollow block of glass with clear, textured or patterned faces

Tempered plate glass

A type of glass made by reheating and suddenly cooling plate glass.

Elasticity

The property of a material that ENABLES IT TO DEFORM in response to an applied force.

Thermal Expansion

The change in length or volume which a material or body undergoes while being heated.

Hardness

The resistance of a material to deformation by compression or indentation.

Acid resistance property

The degree of which a surface such as porcelain, enamel will resist attack by acid.

Workability

The ease with which a fresh concrete can be molded or deformed.