Western Civ Semester 1 Exam

Leonardo Da Vinci

artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines

niccolo machiacelli

wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics

theocracy

a government run by religious leaders

nicolaus copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

johannes kepler

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

issac newton

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

line of demarcation

line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European world into two zones split between Spain and Portugal

conquistador

a spanish explorer who claimed lands in the americas for spain in the 1500s and 1600s

moctezuma

aztec emperor who faced the spanish invasion lead by cortes

aztec

a member of the indigenous people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century

viceroy

a representative of the king who ruled in his name

creole

an american born descendant of spanish settlers in spains colonies in the americas

peninsulares

member of the highest class in spain’s colonies in the americas

middle passage

the second leg of triangular trade in which slaves were transported to the americas

francisco pizarro

spanish conquistador who arrived in peru in 1532, defeated the incas, and conquered much of south america for spain

hernan cortes

conquistador who landed in mexico in 1519 and took over the aztec empire

scientific method

a step by step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data

entrepreneur

a person who takes on financial risks to make profits

absolute monarch

a ruler with complete authority over the govt and lives of people

divine right

the belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god

huguenots

french protestants of the 1500s and 1600s

edict of nantes

a proclamation issued by henry iv granting the huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms

cabinet

parliamentary advisors to the king who in time gained official status

peter the great

russian tsar who took control of the government in 1689 and used his power to modernize russia

catherine the great

russian empress as of 1762 who embraced western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch; believed in enlightement ideas such as equality and liberty

partition

divide up

montesquieu

philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances

diderot

philosophe who edited and published the encyclopedia

rousseau

philosophe who wrote the social contract

adam smith

author of the wealth of nations; proponent of the free-market system

censorship

restriction on access to ideas or information

salons

informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

baroque

ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s

rococo

personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s

enlightened despot

an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change

george III

king of england during the american revolution

george washington

virginia planter and soldier who became head of the continental army

thomas jefferson

principal author of the declaration of independence

popular sovereignty

john locke’s idea that all government power comes from the people

robespierre

leader of the committee of public safety; chief architect of the reign of terror

reign of terror

period from september 1793 to july 1974 when those who resisted the french revolution were arrested or executed

napoleon bonaparte

popular military hero who became the ruler of france

nationalism

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

napoleonic code

the code of laws created under napoleon that embodied enlightenment principles of equality, tolerance, and freedom

continental system

a form of economic warfare that closed european ports to british goods; the foreign policy in which europe adopted napoleon’s reforms

scorched earth policy

when the movement of an army includes burning crops and villages to make it difficult for the enemy to follow

congress of vienna

a meeting of heads of state within europe after waterloo to restore stability and order in europe

anesthetic

a drug that prevents pain during surgery

turnpike

private road built by an entrepreneur who charged travelers a toll for use

urbanization

the movement of people to cities

thomas malthus

british economist; wrote an essay on the principles of population warning that the population would outgrow the food supply

jeremy bentham

british philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

karl marx

german philosopher who, with frederick engels, published the communist manifesto predicting class struggle

communism

in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation

proletariat

society’s “have nots,” the working class

anabaptists

rejected baptism of infants, favored abolition of private property, sought to speed up god’s judgement day

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peaceful, called for religious tolerance, and separation of church and state

charles x

king of france 1824-1830; uncle of louis xvii

conservative

a person who is averse to change and holds traditional values

dom pedro

founder of the brazilian empire + first emperor of brazil

father miguel hidalgo

“father of mexican independence”, wrote and gave the speech “grito de dolores” (cry of dolores)

jacques cartier

commissioned by king francis I of france to lead an expedition west across the Atlantic ocean

james hargreaves

responsible for the mechanization of spinning

jesuits

roman catholic order of religious men

jethro tull

a part of agricultural reforms and inventions such as the seed drill in 1701

justinian

emperor of the byzantine empire from 527-565

liberals

supporter of policies that are socially progressive and promote social welfare

louis philipe

commanded troops during the revolutionary wars

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supported the democracy during the revolution of 1789

louis kossuth

political reformer who inspired and kead itungary’s struggle for independence

luddites

a secret oath based organization of english textile workers in the 19th century

mercenaries

soldiers for hire

napoleon III

nephew of napoleon I, president of the second republic of france

nationalists

a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

physiocrats

French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced; also stressed the necessity of free trade.

samurai

a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan

simon bolivar

“the greatest leader of South American independence” ; he led a massive revolt against Spanish colonial rule in South America, beginning in 1810.

chivalry

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

qualities expected of an ideal knight, include courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak

committee of public safety

political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror (September 1793 to July 1794)

council of trent

council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestants.

enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and

humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art,

philosophy, and politics.

excommunicated

a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for

further investigation

ideology

a form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it

jamestown, virginia

first permanent English settlement in North America

legitimacy

popular acceptance of a government, political regime, or system of governance

liberals

a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of individual rights (primarily to life, liberty, and property)

mosque

any house or open area of prayer in Islam

radicals

a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform

recession

a downward trend in the business cycle characterized by a decline in production and employment, which in turn causes the incomes and spending of households to decline

renaissance

French word meaning “rebirth” ; a period of a revival of Classical learning and wisdom ; brought about new scientific laws, new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas

sect

a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong

ziggurat

pyramidal stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.

consulate

the period of office of a Roman consul; the system of government by consuls in ancient Rome