Studied by 71 people
Leonardo Da Vinci
artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines
niccolo machiacelli
wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics
theocracy
a government run by religious leaders
nicolaus copernicus
Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
johannes kepler
mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical
issac newton
scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically
line of demarcation
line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European world into two zones split between Spain and Portugal
conquistador
a spanish explorer who claimed lands in the americas for spain in the 1500s and 1600s
moctezuma
aztec emperor who faced the spanish invasion lead by cortes
aztec
a member of the indigenous people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century
viceroy
a representative of the king who ruled in his name
creole
an american born descendant of spanish settlers in spains colonies in the americas
peninsulares
member of the highest class in spain’s colonies in the americas
middle passage
the second leg of triangular trade in which slaves were transported to the americas
francisco pizarro
spanish conquistador who arrived in peru in 1532, defeated the incas, and conquered much of south america for spain
hernan cortes
conquistador who landed in mexico in 1519 and took over the aztec empire
scientific method
a step by step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data
entrepreneur
a person who takes on financial risks to make profits
absolute monarch
a ruler with complete authority over the govt and lives of people
divine right
the belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god
huguenots
french protestants of the 1500s and 1600s
edict of nantes
a proclamation issued by henry iv granting the huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms
cabinet
parliamentary advisors to the king who in time gained official status
peter the great
russian tsar who took control of the government in 1689 and used his power to modernize russia
catherine the great
russian empress as of 1762 who embraced western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch; believed in enlightement ideas such as equality and liberty
partition
divide up
montesquieu
philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances
diderot
philosophe who edited and published the encyclopedia
rousseau
philosophe who wrote the social contract
adam smith
author of the wealth of nations; proponent of the free-market system
censorship
restriction on access to ideas or information
salons
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
baroque
ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
rococo
personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s
enlightened despot
an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change
george III
king of england during the american revolution
george washington
virginia planter and soldier who became head of the continental army
thomas jefferson
principal author of the declaration of independence
popular sovereignty
john locke’s idea that all government power comes from the people
robespierre
leader of the committee of public safety; chief architect of the reign of terror
reign of terror
period from september 1793 to july 1974 when those who resisted the french revolution were arrested or executed
napoleon bonaparte
popular military hero who became the ruler of france
nationalism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country
napoleonic code
the code of laws created under napoleon that embodied enlightenment principles of equality, tolerance, and freedom
continental system
a form of economic warfare that closed european ports to british goods; the foreign policy in which europe adopted napoleon’s reforms
scorched earth policy
when the movement of an army includes burning crops and villages to make it difficult for the enemy to follow
congress of vienna
a meeting of heads of state within europe after waterloo to restore stability and order in europe
anesthetic
a drug that prevents pain during surgery
turnpike
private road built by an entrepreneur who charged travelers a toll for use
urbanization
the movement of people to cities
thomas malthus
british economist; wrote an essay on the principles of population warning that the population would outgrow the food supply
jeremy bentham
british philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism
karl marx
german philosopher who, with frederick engels, published the communist manifesto predicting class struggle
communism
in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation
proletariat
society’s “have nots,” the working class
anabaptists
rejected baptism of infants, favored abolition of private property, sought to speed up god’s judgement day
peaceful, called for religious tolerance, and separation of church and state
charles x
king of france 1824-1830; uncle of louis xvii
conservative
a person who is averse to change and holds traditional values
dom pedro
founder of the brazilian empire + first emperor of brazil
father miguel hidalgo
“father of mexican independence”, wrote and gave the speech “grito de dolores” (cry of dolores)
jacques cartier
commissioned by king francis I of france to lead an expedition west across the Atlantic ocean
james hargreaves
responsible for the mechanization of spinning
jesuits
roman catholic order of religious men
jethro tull
a part of agricultural reforms and inventions such as the seed drill in 1701
justinian
emperor of the byzantine empire from 527-565
liberals
supporter of policies that are socially progressive and promote social welfare
louis philipe
commanded troops during the revolutionary wars
supported the democracy during the revolution of 1789
louis kossuth
political reformer who inspired and kead itungary’s struggle for independence
luddites
a secret oath based organization of english textile workers in the 19th century
mercenaries
soldiers for hire
napoleon III
nephew of napoleon I, president of the second republic of france
nationalists
a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations
physiocrats
French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced; also stressed the necessity of free trade.
samurai
a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan
simon bolivar
“the greatest leader of South American independence” ; he led a massive revolt against Spanish colonial rule in South America, beginning in 1810.
chivalry
the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.
qualities expected of an ideal knight, include courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak
committee of public safety
political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror (September 1793 to July 1794)
council of trent
council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestants.
enlightenment
European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and
humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art,
philosophy, and politics.
excommunicated
a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for
further investigation
ideology
a form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it
jamestown, virginia
first permanent English settlement in North America
legitimacy
popular acceptance of a government, political regime, or system of governance
liberals
a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of individual rights (primarily to life, liberty, and property)
mosque
any house or open area of prayer in Islam
radicals
a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform
recession
a downward trend in the business cycle characterized by a decline in production and employment, which in turn causes the incomes and spending of households to decline
renaissance
French word meaning “rebirth” ; a period of a revival of Classical learning and wisdom ; brought about new scientific laws, new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas
sect
a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong
ziggurat
pyramidal stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.
consulate
the period of office of a Roman consul; the system of government by consuls in ancient Rome
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