BIOL 117 Final Exam

Five Causes of Evolution

Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutation, Non-Random mating, Natural Selection

Genetic Drift

By change, Bottleneck and Founder

Bottleneck Effect

type of genetic drift caused by a disaster

Founder Effect

type genetic drift caused by a population leaving

Gene Flow

Immigration, Emigration

Natural Selection

Adapt to environment

Evolution

Change in gene pool and allele frequency

Speciation

Genetic isolation and genetic divergence

Allopatric Speciation

Geographic separation

Sympatric Sepciation

Without geographic separation

Autopolyploidy

Self fertilizing

Allopolyploidy

Different n

Dispersal

Organisms move to a new environment

Vicariance

Chance separation

Temporal Isolation

Time of mating

Habitat Isolation

Place of mating

Behavioral Isolation

Way of mating

Mechanical Isolation

Wrong Bits

Gametic Isolation

Different gametes

Reduced Hybrid Viability

Hybrid dies

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

Hybrid is sterile

Hybrid Breakdown

Next gen is sterile

Biological Species Concept

Doesn’t include extinct animals or bacteria

Morphological Species Concept

Morphological features

Phylogenic Species Concept

Based on evolutionary history

Ancestral Trait

Characteristic that existed in an ancestor

Derived Trait

Found in descendant not ancestor

Homologous Trait

Inherited from Ancestor

Analogous Trait

Due to convergent evolution

Transformation

DNA is taken from environment

Conjugation

DNA transferred through cell-cell contact

Transduction

Virus transfers DNA

Coccus

Sphere Bacteria

Bacillus

Pill Bacteria

Spirilla

Spiral Bacteria

Diplo

Two

Strepto

Strip

Staphylo

Group

Gram +

Thick cell wall

Gram -

Thin cell wall

Ectoderm

Outside skin

Endoderm

Inside skin

Mesoderm

Middle skin

Protostomes

Mouth First

Deuterostomes

Mouth second

Porifera: Characteristics

Multicellular, lack true tissues, no symmetry

Porifera: Examples

Sponges

Cnidaria: Characteristics

Radical symmetry, diploblastic, incomplete digestive systems

Cnidaria: Examples

Jellyfish, coral, anemones, hydra

Nematoda: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, protostomes

Nematoda: Examples

Roundworm

Platyhelminthes: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomates, protostomes

Platyhelminthes: Examples

Flatworms

Molluska: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, protostomes

Molluska: Examples

Clams, octopus, squid, snails

Annelida: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, protostomes

Annelida: Examples

Segmented worms

Arthropoda: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, protostomes

Arthropoda: Examples

insects, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes

Echinodermata: Characteristics

Bilateral/radial symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, deuterostomes

Echinodermata: Examples

Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Chordata: Characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomates, deuterostomes

Chordata: Examples

Chordates

Fungi Cell Wall

Chitin

Fungi reproductive structures

Spores

Mutualistic

Mycorrhizal, Lichen-forming, Endophytic

Mycorrhiza

Fungus and plant roots

Lichens

Fungus, green algae or cyanobacteria

Endophytes

Fungus inside plant tissue

Saprotrophic

Decomposers

Parasitic

Feed on living organisms

Dinoflagellates: Characteristics

Cellulose plate armor, many photoautotrophic or mixotrophic, two dissimilar flagella

Dinoflagellates: Known for

Algal blooms, bioluminescence and animal symbioses

Apicomplexans: Characteristics

Obligate parasites, apical complex, vestigial plastic

Apicomplexans: Known for

Malaria and toxoplasmosis

Diatoms: Characteristics

Mostly photoautotrophs, bilateral symmetry, two strong silica shells, shrinking division

Diatoms: Known for

Nutrient rich african dust, diatomaceous earth, forensic uses

Brown algae: Characteristics

Multicellular, form specialized structures

Slime Molds: Characteristics

Heterotrophic, begin life as an amoebae, reproduce via spores

Slime Molds: Known for

Intelligence

Sensor

Structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment

Integrator

Evaluates the incoming sensory info by comparing it to the set point and determining whether a response is necessary

Effector

Any structure that helps restore the internal condition being monitored

Cytoplasmic determinats

Regulatory molecules that are unequally distributed to daughter cells

Induction

One daughter cells receives a signal that the other doesn’t

Morphogens

Establish broad anterior-posterior regions of embryo

Gap Genes

Organizes cells into groups of segments along anterior-posterior axis

Pair-Rule genes

organize cells into individual segments

Segment Polarity Genes

Establish anterior-posterior gradient with each segment

Homeotic Genes

Trigger development of Structures

Bicoid Genes

In anterior, creates anterior limbs

Homeotic Mutations

Wrong body part in wrong place

Sonic Hedgehog

Produces signaling molecule to produce hind limbs

Bryophytes and allies

non-vascular plants

Bryophytes and allies: examples

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Ferns and allies

seedless vascular plants

Ferns and allies: examples

Ferns, horsetails, lycopods

Gymnosperms

naked seeded plants

Gymnosperms: examples

Pines, cycads, ginkos

Angiosperms

Flowering plants