Anatomy Lecture Section 3 Study Guide

Acromioclavicular Ligament

Acromion process to clavicle. Most common damaged in a separated shoulder.

Coracoacromial Ligament

Acromion process to coracoid process.

Pectoralis Minor

The origin and insertion for this muscle can change depending on use. The two areas of origin and insertion are the coracoid process and ribs 3-5.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

Separated Shoulder Injury

Damage to the ligaments of the shoulder connecting the clavicle to the scapula. (Acromioclavicular Ligament)

Dislocated Shoulder Injury

Head of the humerus is displaced (partially or completely) from the glenoid fossa.

Subluxation

Partial dislocation.

Luxation

Complete dislocation.

Anterior Dislocation

This type of shoulder dislocation is the most common.

Posterior Dislocation

This type of shoulder dislocation is extremely rare.

Fossa

A shallow depression on a bone (muscles attach there).

Brachioradialis

Which of the elbow flexors is best at flexing when pronated?

Brachium

Mid/Body/Shaft of the humerus.

Internal Thoracic Artery

This artery descends down he back of the ribcage, parallel to the sternum.

Musculophrenic Artery

This branch of the the Internal Thoracic Artery supplies blood to the top of the diaphragm.

Superior Epigastric Artery

This branch of the Internal Thoracic Artery supplies blood to the Upper Anterior Abdominal Wall.

Median Cubital Vein

This vein is usually the best to draw blood from.

Arteries

These vessels carry blood away from the heart. Tend to run deep. Pressurized.

Veins

These vessels carry blood towards the heart. Their patterns vary.

Brachial Artery

What artery accompanies the Basilic Vein?

Profunda Brachii Artery

What artery accompanies the Cephalic Vein.

Avulsion

Forceable tearing.

C1-C7

Spinal nerves above correlating vertebrae.

C8-L5

Spinal nerves below correlating vertebrae.

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Nerve that innervates both Pectoralis Minor and Pectoralis Major.

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Nerve that innervates only Pectoralis Major.

Eminence

Grouping of muscles.

Common Flexor Tendon

All forearm flex muscles originate from this tendon on the medial epicondyle.

Median Nerve

The nerve innervates the wrist flexors (excluding flexor carpi ulnaris).

Ulnar Nerve

The never innervates flexor carpi ulnaris.

Strain

Overstretching or tearing of muscle and/or tendon tissue.

Sprain

Overstretching or tearing of ligament.

Pronation

Radius rolls over ulna.

Pollux

Thumb

“Tennis Elbow”

Lateral epicondylitis - commonly the overstretching or straining/tearing of the common extensor.

Mallet Finger

An extensor tendon detaches from the distal phalanx (baseball finger).

Medial Epicondylitis

Overstretching/straining/tearing of the common flexor tendon (little league or pitcher’s elbow).

Ulnar Nerve

The nerve commonly referred to as your “funny bone.”

Synovial or “Ganglion” Cyst

Small sac of fluid that forms over a joint or tendon - trauma - 60-70% of cases in dorsal wrist scapholunate joint.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (4 tendons), Flexor Digitorum Profundis (4 tendons), Flexor Pollicis Longus (1 tendon)

Tendons of the Carpal Tunnel

Median Nerve

Nerves of the Carpal Tunnel

Mediastinum

The imaginary space in the thorax between the lungs.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Blood vessels and/or nerves in the space between the clavicle and first rib are compressed (Usually subclavian artery).

Rib Dislocation

The rib detaches from the sternum.

Costochondral Separation

The rib detaches from the costal cartilage.

Angina Pectoris

Severe pain in the chest caused by low blood flow to the heart. Pressure, squeezing, tightness.

Sternotomy

Surgically opening the thoracic/chest cavity vertically cutting through the sternum.

Thoracic Outlet

The space between the first rib and the clavicle.

Coronary Arteries

The first branch off of the Aorta that oxygenated blood goes to.

Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)

Removing CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) from the spinal column deep to the dura mater.

Epidural Anesthesia

Introduction of anesthesia in the epidural space. Continuous - large amounts of medicine - pain relief, not total lack of pain.

Spinal Block

Single injection deep to the dura mater, blocks all feeling.

Shingles

Reactivation of the chicken pox virus in the body. Fever flu-like symptoms - rashes, blisters - painful, itchy.

Cauda Equina (Horse’s Tail)

The spinal nerves that leave the distal end of the vertebral column - provides movement and sensory capabilities to the legs and bladder.

Breast Tissue

This type of tissue mainly consists of fatty tissue, glandular tissue (mammary glands, ducts, lymphatic vessels and ducts), connective/fibrous tissue holds everything in place.

Metastasis

(Maliginie) Spreading of Cancer.

Late-stage Breast Cancer

Skin changes - bruising - orange peel texture - nipple discharge - lumps - swelling.

Supernumerary Nipples

Extra Nipples (More than one set)

Aortic Semilunar Valve

2nd intercostal space, right of the sternum.

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

2nd intercostal space, left of the sternum.

Tricuspid Valve

5th intercostal space, left of the sternum.

Bicuspid Valve

5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line.

Apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing (oftentimes during sleep) - snoring.

Pneumothorax

Collapsed lung - air leaks into the space between the lungs and the chest wall - compresses lung.

Pleuritis

Inflammation of the two pleura - infection, pneumonia, medical trauma, etc.

Legal Test for Stillborn Infant

Remove a piece of lung tissue from a deceased infant - place in water - sinks: stillborn.

Aspiration

Breathing in a foreign object/substance (solid or liquid). Usually in the right lung.

Asthma

A reactionary lung condition: bronchi spasms, constrict, mucus build-up, labored breathing.

Parietal Plura

Pain-sensing neurons around lungs.

Possible Pneumothorax

The real danger of a broken rib.

Artery

Carries blood away from the heart (commonly oxygenated).

Vein

Carries blood towards the heart (commonly dexoxygenated).

Thymus

Anterior mediastinum.

Cardiac Tamponade

Compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.

Pericardial Effusion

Build-up of fluid between the heart and pericardium, compresses heart - surgery, heart attack, autoimmune disorder.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium - viral infection autoimmune disorder, lupus, arthritis.

Lymph Vessels

Vessels that drain all major body regions.

Lymphangitis

Inflammation of the walls of the lymphatic vessels.

Lymphadenitis

Inflammation of lymph nodes.

Lymph Functions

Removal of excess fluids from the body - absorption of fatty acids and transports fat to the circulatory system - production of immune cells (Lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells, and antibody-producing cells).

Heart Murmur

The noise of a leaky heart valve.

Stenosis

Narrowing/hardening of a channel in a blood vessel.

Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Thrombosis (blood clot) in a deep-lying vein (commonly in the leg).

Pulmonary Embolism

A blockage of one of the pulmonary arteries in the lung (commonly a blood clot) - very serious and life threatening. DVT becomes this.

Tachycardia

Increased heart rate.

Bradycardia

Decreased heart rate.

Systole

The part of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles contract. Blood stays in the heart. Heart is termed “at work.”

Diastole

The part of the cardiac cycle where the atriums contract. No blood leaves the heart. Heart is termed “at rest.”

Patent Foramen Ovale

15-25% of people who have their foramen ovale partially open.

Incompetent Valve

Leaky valve.

Bicuspid Valve

Most crucial heart valve, regulates blood from your lungs to your body.

Myocardial Infarct

Heart attack.

Mitral Prolapse

Improper closing of the mitral (bicuspid, LAV) valve. One of the valve cusps balloons up into the left atrium.

Congenital

Present at birth - commonly a disease or physical abnormality.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

A mitral valve prolapse becomes this if untreated.

SA Node

Pacemaker of the heart. Sends electrical signals to stimulate contractions of the heart.

72 BPM

Normal (average) resting heart rate.

Coronary Bypass Graft

A vessel (typically a vein) used to bypass a blockage of one ore more coronary arteries - great sapheus vein typically used.

Angioplasty

A procedure to open/widen a narrow or partially blocked coronary vessel (artery) - stents are commonly used to perform.