POHS

How many bones in the adult body?

206 bones

Functions of the skeletal system

framework, protection, levers, production of blood cells, storage

Parts of long bone

diaphysis, epiphyses, medullary canal, red/yellow membrane, periosteum, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endosteum

Diaphysis

Long shaft

Epiphysis

Two ends of bone

Medullary canal

Canal in Diaphysis

Yellow marrow

fills the medullary canal, mainly fat cells

Red marrow

produces blood cells - erythrocytes and leukocytes

Endosteum

Membrane that lines the medullary canal

Periosteum

Membrane covering outside of bone, contains blood vessels, osteoblasts, needed for new bone growth

Osteoblasts

cells that form new bone tissue

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down new tissue

Axial skeleton

forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone

Cranium

surrounds and protects the brain (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital bone, ethmoid, sphenoid)

Fontanels

soft spots that allow for skull enlargement with brain growth

Sinuses

Air spaces in skull bones: resonate chambers for the voice, lined with mucous membranes

Foramina

Openings in the bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Facial bones

Maxilla, mandible, nasal bone, vomer, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic

Vertebrae

make up spinal column (26 vertebra): cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5)

Ribs

12 pairs that attach to thoracic vertebrae

True ribs

7 pairs directly attached to sternum

False ribs

3 pairs not attached to sternum

Floating ribs

no attachment to front side of body; attached to thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

Breastbone (Manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process)

Appendicular skeleton

Forms the extremities: shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms and legs

Shoulder girdle

Clavicle and scapula

Arm bones

Humerus, radius, ulna

Wrist/hand bones

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Pelvic girdle

Os coxae (hip bones): illium, ischium, pubis

Leg bones

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula

Ankle/foot bones

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, calcaneus

Joints

where 2 or more bones come together

Bursae

small-fluid filled sac surrounding joints

Ligaments

hold long bones together

Diatrosis

free moving joints (knee, elbow)

Amphithrosis

slightly moving joints (thoracic vertebrae ribs)

Syanrthrosis

immovable/fibrous joints (cranium)

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joints

Bursitis

inflammation of the bursa

Dislocation

bone forcibly displaced from a joint

Osteomyelitis

bone inflammation from pathogenic organisms

Osteoporosis

bone softening: prone to fractures, shrinking

Ruptured disk

intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve

scoliosis

side to side curvature of the spine

kyphosis

hunchback

lordosis

swayback

fractures

bone crack or break

greenstick fracture

bone is bent and split (incomplete break)

Simple or closed fracture

complete break of bone with no skin damage

Compound or open fracture

bone breaks and ruptures through skin (prone to infection)

Comminuted fracture

bone fragmented in more than two pieces

spiral fracture

twists resulting in one or more fractures

depressed fracture

broken piece of skull bones moves inwards

colles

falling on outstretched hand; breaking and dislocation of the distal radius

Treatment of fracture (Step 1)

Hematoma forms: bone breaks, blood vessels in bone and periosteum torn, blood clots and hematoma form, bone cells will die without nutrition

Treatment of fracture (step 2)

Soft callus forms: New blood vessels frow in clot, chondroblasts producing bulging cartilage matrix connecting broken ends, repair tissue (soft callus) becomes temporary splint

Treatment of fracture (step 3)

Soft callus ossifies into bone callus: osteoblasts begin producing osteoid, replaces soft callus with hard (bone) callus, broken ends become firmly connected

Treatment of fracture (step 4)

Bone remodeling: must occur to clean away excess bone callus and hollow out the medullary cavity, osteoclasts absorb injured/dead bone tissue, osteoblasts lay down new bone