Art Section IV: El Tovar Hotel
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What are some things nature tourists need to figure out on their trips?
How to get to their destination and how they are going to eat and sleep
What kind of hotel does American have a long history of?
Hotels that cater to tourists trying to escape their urban lives
How developed hotels in the Southwest?
Fred Harvey and his heirs
When did Harvey and his heirs develop hotels?
1880s to 1930s
What was one of the most dramatic constructions sponsored by Harvey?
El Tovar Hotel
Where is El Tovar Hotel located?
On the rim of the Grand Canyon
When was El Tovar Hotel completed?
1905
Who did the hotel cater to?
Tourists interested in appreciating the dramatic natural wonders of North America
How has the US seen itself?
As a nation defined by its spectacular natural features
What was one of the earliest important American art movements?
Hudson River School
When was the Hudson River School active?
1830s
What artists were part of the Hudson River School?
Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, and Jasper Francis Cropsey
What literary movement was the Hudson River School connected to?
Transcendentalism
How did the Hudson River School artists depict American scenery?
Capable of inspiring intense emotional responses
What impact did the Hudson River School have?
They created a popular taste for landscape painting and fueled the creation of a tourist infrastructure based around appreciating the landscape
Where was the Catskill Mountain House located?
Above the Hudson River
Who did the Catskill Mountain House cater to?
Travelers and artists interested in seeking out spectacular views
Besides the Catskill Mountain House, what else became a tourist attraction in New York?
Niagara Falls
What painting helped make Niagara Falls famous?
Niagara (1857) by Frederic Edwin Church
What are sublime elements in landscape painting?
Techniques that evoke the way natural wonders fill viewers with awe and make us feel small and insignificant
What sublime visual effects can be seen in Church's painting?
Sensations of great height, thundering cascade of sound, and the feeling of awe and danger
Which regions of the US did landscape painting focus on in the late nineteenth century?
West and Southwest
What painting did Thomas Moran create?
The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (1872)
When did Moran accompany a geological survey party?
1871
What did Moran's paintings make eastern viewers aware of?
The massive scale, fantastic colors, and geological formations of the West
When was the first transcontinental railroad completed?
1869
What made it easier for travelers to experience the geological wonders of the West for themselves?
The completion of the first transcontinental railroad and the expansion of existing railway lines
What was an example of a railway company?
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
What did the expanded networks of railway companies include?
Transportation, lodging, and food
Where and when was Fred Harvey born?
London in 1835
What did Harvey do as a teenager?
Immigrate to the US on his own
What job did Harvey have by the time he was 30?
Freight agent for a railway company in Leavenworth
What did Harvey see a business opportunity in?
The low quality food available at railroad stations in the Midwest
What problems did the railroad station food have?
The food was cold, the preparation was unsanitary, and the seating was poor or nonexistent
What idea did Harvey come up with?
Serving affordable, good quality food in a sit-down dining environment
What did Harvey achieve in 1876?
He opened his first restaurant in the Topeka depot
What had Harvey achieved by 1882?
He had an exclusive license to operate Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe's rail-side hotels and develop more hotels along a popular tourist rail line
What two locations did the tourist rail line connect?
The Midwest and New Mexico
When did Harvey die?
1901
What had Harvey achieved by the time he died
He had opened more than 40 hotels and restaurants
Who took over Harvey's company?
His sons
Until when did Harvey's company continue to expand?
World War II
What is significant about the Harvey company?
It is considered the first hospitality chain in America
How did the Harvey Company and AT&SF market travel to the Southwest?
They built tourist accommodations alongside their main rail line
What was the intended purpose of the rail-side hotels?
To act as dramatic landmarks on a tourist's westward journey
What historic references did architects use to design rail-side hotels?
Moorish, Spanish, Colonial, Baroque, Pueblo, and Navajo
Who oversaw the interior decoration scheme of the rail-side hotels?
Mary E. Colter
What did Harvey hotels present to customers?
A vision of the Southwest as rustic and exotic, convenience, and predictability
What did Colter start doing in 1902?
Accessorize public areas with local Native American handicrafts
What did Harvey hotels sell to tourists?
Tours to nearby towns where tourists could buy directly from artisans
What were these tours called?
Indian detours
Unlike other hotels that were built right next to railway stations, where was El Tovar built?
On a spur line overlooking the Grand Canyon
When was the Grand Canyon spur line built?
1901
What was the budget for El Tovar Hotel?
$250,000
What architect designed El Tovar?
Charles Whittlesey
Where was Whittlesey from?
Chicago
Who did Whittlesey work for in the 1890s?
Louis Sullivan
What did Whittlesey have in common with Frank Lloyd Wright?
He used natural materials and was aware of how buildings harmonize with the surrounding landscape
How long did it take to complete El Tovar?
3 years
What rooms did El Tovar have?
Nearly 100 guest rooms, music and entertainment rooms, a men's spa, and a dining room
What amenities did El Tovar have?
Hot and cold running water, electric lighting, and a Western Union telegraph office
What was the exterior of El Tovar made of?
Pine wood and native boulders
What did the exterior of the hotel resemble?
A Swiss chalet and a Norway villa
Why did promotional materials for the hotel say it was like a Norway villa?
It had extensive wood siding that looked like that of a log cabin
What style was the furniture in the hotel?
Arts and Crafts style
What elements did the interior of the hotel include?
Exposed ceiling beams, rugged wood paneling, Navajo curios, and taxidermized local game specimens
What was the purpose of El Tovar's existence?
Its proximity to the Grand Canyon
What did a promotional brochure for El Tovar say about the Grand Canyon?
No one can describe the Grand Canyon to you. It must be seen.
When did Teddy Roosevelt declare the Grand Canyon a National Monument?
1908
What is the distance between the rim and river?
A mile
What is the distance to the river by trail?
7 miles
How far is El Tovar from the opposite canyon wall?
13 miles
How long is the Grand Canyon?
270 miles
Who named the Grand Canyon?
John Wesley Powell
When was the Grand Canyon named?
1870s
How fast after being named did the Grand Canyon become a major tourist destination?
A decade
What was El Tovar built to provide?
A cozy spot where tourists could survey the grandeur of nature
When was Grand Canyon National Park created?
1919
When was the Grand Canyon declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
1979
When did El Tovar become a National Historic Landmark?
1987
How many people visit Grand Canyon National Park annually?
4.5 million