Week 3 AIM Lectures

What is the role of the male reproductive system?

-make sperm and deliver sperm to female reproductive system

What is the role of the penis?

Used for urination and sexual intercours, made of spongey tissue, contains urethra

What is the scrotum?

-bag of skin that contains the testes

What are the testes

-make sperm and hormones

What do leyding cells do

stimulated by LH(produced on anterior pituitary) to produce testosterone

What do Sertoli cells do?

Stimulated by FSH(produced in anterior pituitary) to nourish developing sperm

What is the path of sperm?

SEVENUP

Seminferous tubules

Epiditimus

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct(vas deferns+seminal vesicle)

NOTHING
urethra

penis

Sperm vs. Semen

Sperm→ carry genetic info

semen→ keep sperm viable

What does the urethra do

transports sperm and urine

What does the sperm duct(vas deferent) do

transports sperm away from testes

What do glands do?

produce fluids to mix with the sperm, which supply the sperm with nutrients and help regulate urine flow

What does the bladder do?

-temporarily stores urine in the body, helps expel urine by sending nerve signals to the nervous system

What does testosterone do?

Main male sex hormone, controls voice change, facial hair, and muscle growth

What do LH and FSH do?

trigger sperm production

What is the vagina?

-muscular tube that connects the cervix to outside the body

Vagina vs vulva

vulva= external female genetilia

vagina= muscular canal that extends from the outside of the female genetalia to the cervix

What are the ovaries?

-contain undeveloped eggs and make hormones

What does estrogen do?

-starts breast development, widens hips, begins and regulates the menstrual cycle, helps grow the uterine lining each month

What does progesterone do?

-in the corpus lutes and placenta

-stabalizes uterine lining, prepares for pregnancy(if no pregnancy levels drop causing period)

What happens during day 1-5 of period

-day 1; first day of period

-period days

What happens during days 5-14 of period

-FSH (follicule stimulating hormone) causes egg to mature in ovary

What happens during day 14 of period

-LH stimulates release of an egg

-ovulation

day 14-28 of period?

progesterone maintains lining of the uterus, ready for fertilized egg

What does placenta do?

-passes nutrients, and oxygen and removes waste between mom and baby

What does umbilical cord do?

connects baby to placenta, delivers nutrients, removes waste

What does the amniotic sac and fluid do?

-cushings, protects and keeps baby at right temp

What are the trimesters of pregnancy

0-13; 1st(organs form, heartbeat starts)

14-26; 2nd(baby grows, feels movement, ultrasound for gender)

27-40; 3rd(gains fat, lungs mature, brain develops rapidly, prepares for birth)

baby blues vs postpartum

babyblues; about 2 weeks

postpartum; months and deep sadness

What is type 1 diabetes?

-Beta cells in the pancreas are not functional due to your own body attacking them(autoimmune)

-Lack of insulin→ high blood pressure

What is type 2 diabetes

-Body still makes insulin, but it doesn’t work well

-the cells don’t respond(like their ignoring insulin), so the sugar can’t get into the cells a lot and build up in the blood

Why is high blood pressure a problem?

-can damage eyes, heat, and kidneys

-can cause tiredness and thirst

-can lead to serious issues if untreated

What is HYPOthyroidism

-your thyroid isn’t making enough hormones, meaning everything slows down and you feel always out of energy

-Sympotoms; fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, brain fog, dry skin, constipation

What is HYPERthyroidism

-thyroid is making too much hormone, you always feel like you are on overdrive

-symptoms; rapid heartbeat, weight loss, anxiety or nervousness, feeling hot or sweaty, trouble sleeping

What is Cushing’s syndrome

-when your body has too much cortisol(made by adrenal glands)

-comes from a tumor in the pituitary or adrenal gland OR from taking too much steroid medicine

What are the signs/symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

-Moonface, fat in upper back(buffalo hump), weak muscles, skinny arms and legs, weak bones, thin skin, easy bruising, stretch marks, high blood sugar, irritability, depression, anxiety, irregular periods, facial hair

What is the endocrine system, and what does it do?

-A system of glands that produce and release hormones

-Uses hormones to travel through the bloodstream to deliver messages to organs and tissues

-maintains homeostasis

What are hormones and what do they do?

-Chemicals made by endocrine glands

-travel in blood stream to deliver messages

-control important functions: Growth, metabolism, blood sugar, reproduction, and mood

What does the hypothalamus do, and where is it.

-tells other glands when to release hormones

-helps regulate body heat

-releases hormones like GnRH to start the menstrual cycle

-in the mid-front portion of the brain, superior to the pituitary gland

Where is the pituitary gland and what does it do?

-in mid-front brain, inferior to the hypothalamus

-controls other endocrine glands

-resleases hormones such as GH, TSH, and ACTH

Where is the pineal gland and what does it do?

-in the center of the brain, dorsal to the pituitary and hypothalamus

-produces melatonin and responds to light/dark

Where is the thyroid gland and what does it do?

-Butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck

-controls body’s metabolism and how the body uses energy

-supports normal growth and brain development(especially during childhood)

Where are the adrenal glands and what do they do?

-”hats” for kidneys

-respond to stress and regulate important body functions

-produce adrenalin(epinephrine) and cortisol to help in stressful situations

-releases aldosterone to help regulate salt and water in the body

Where is the pancreas and what does it do?

-behind the stomach(long and flat gland)

-produces insulin which helps cells absorb glucose(lowers blood sugar)

-produces glucagon by releasing glucose from the liver(raises blood pressure)

-works to keep blood levels stable

Where are the ovaries and what do they do?

-two small, oval-shaped glands on each side of the uterus

-release progesterone and estrogen, hold eggs

Where are the testes and what do they do?

-two oval shaped glands located in the scrotum

-release testosterone

negative vs positive feedback

positive feedback; response increases the effect of the stimulus(ex. in birth oxytocin)

negative feedback; response decreases the effect of the stimulus

What are the processes of the HPA Axis

-stress response

Hypothalamus(notices stress and sends signal)→ pituitary(passes the message to adrenal glands and releases ACTH)→ adrenal glands(release cortisol)

-Negative feedback; once cortisol levels are high, the hypothalamus tells everyone to stop