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Muscular System
Responsible for movement, stabilizing joints, maintaining posture, and generating heat.
Irritability
The ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
Contractility
The ability to shorten with adequate stimuli.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle and initiates contraction.
Action Potential
An electrical current created by the rush of sodium ions (Na+) into the muscle, causing contraction.
Sliding Filament Theory
Describes how muscle fibers contract when actin slides past myosin.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy source required for muscle contraction.
Aerobic Respiration
ATP production using oxygen, yielding 36 ATP per glucose.
Anaerobic Respiration
ATP production without oxygen, yielding 2 ATP per glucose and producing lactic acid.
Lactic Acid
A byproduct of anaerobic respiration that builds up in muscles.
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers that are more endurance-oriented, producing energy aerobically.
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers designed for strength and quick energy bursts through anaerobic means.
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscle attached to bones, responsible for body movement.
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle located in the heart, regulated by pacemaker cells.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscle found in hollow organs, controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls; crucial for muscle contraction.
Endurance Exercise
Improves cardiovascular health and muscle efficiency by increasing mitochondrial density.
Isometric Contractions
Muscle contractions that generate tension without changing length.
Isotonic Contractions
Muscle contractions that change length, such as lifting weights.
Atrophy
A decrease in muscle size due to lack of use or illness.
Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle size from strength training.
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.
Epimysium
Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.
Fascicle
A bundle of muscle fibers.
Myofibril
Substructures within muscle fibers, made of sarcomeres.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle contraction, defined by the area between two Z-discs.
Actin
Thin protein filament that helps form cross-bridges during muscle contraction.
Myosin
Thick protein filament that pulls on actin to contract the muscle.
Muscle Fiber
Elongated muscle cells with many nuclei, responsible for contraction.
Creatine Phosphate (CP) Breakdown
Rapid ATP supply for short bursts of activity lasting about 10-15 seconds.
Muscle Hierarchy
Organization of muscle structure from fascicle to sarcomere.
Major Muscles of the Body
Includes eye muscles, biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, and pectoralis major.
Nerve Impulse
Electrical signals sent through neurons to stimulate muscle contraction.
Fatigued
The state of being unable to continue contracting due to energy depletion.
Body Benefits of Aerobic Exercise
Includes improved metabolism, digestion, cardiovascular health, and lung efficiency.
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Voluntary, striated, multinucleated fibers that control movement.
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Involuntary, striated, single nucleus, branched fibers in the heart.
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus fibers in hollow organs.
Protein Filaments
Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick) are responsible for muscle contractions.
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
Muscle groups arranged to work in opposing actions for body movements.
Lactic Acid Formation
Occurs during anaerobic respiration and can lead to muscle fatigue.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
A specialized endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that stores calcium.
Lung Efficiency
Improves through regular aerobic exercise leading to better gas exchange.
Myofibrils
Long, thread-like structures within muscle fibers important for contraction.
Fascicle
A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
Muscle Contraction Cycle
Involves attachment, pivoting, detachment, and re-cocking of myosin heads.
Energy Requirements for Muscles
Muscles need ATP, which can be supplied via creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration.
Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Harmful effects associated with synthetic substances that mimic testosterone.
Jumping Exercise
A physical activity that engages multiple muscle groups.
Flexibility Training
Involves stretching to improve muscle elasticity and joint function.
Repetitions (Reps)
The number of times an exercise is performed in one set.
Sets
Groups of consecutive repetitions in strength training.
Tendon
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Muscle Tone
The continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles.
Contraction Strength
The force produced by muscles during contraction.
Heat Generation in Muscles
Muscles generate heat during contractions, contributing to body temperature regulation.
Eccentric Contractions
Muscle lengthens under tension, often while lowering weights.
Concentric Contractions
Muscle shortens while generating tension, like lifting weights.
Physical Fitness Components
Includes muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
Respiratory Rate During Exercise
Means the frequency of breaths taken during physical activity.
Body Composition
The ratio of fat to lean mass in the body, influencing fitness.
Balance Exercises
Activities that improve stability and control, crucial for physical fitness.
Muscle Recovery
The healing process of muscles post-exercise, essential for growth.
Strength Training
A form of exercise focused on increasing muscle mass and strength.
Cool Down Exercise
Transitioning activity post-exercise to gradually lower heart rate.
Proper Hydration for Muscles
Maintaining adequate fluid levels to support muscle function.
Nutrition and Muscle Maintenance
Diet's role in providing necessary nutrients for muscle health.
Load-bearing Exercises
Exercises that help build and maintain bone density.
Chronic Exercise Benefits
Long-term advantages of regular physical activity for the body.
Resistance Training
Strength training that involves resistance to muscle contraction.
Biomechanics of Exercise
The study of movement and the forces acting upon muscles and joints.
Functional Training
Exercise that mimics everyday tasks and activities.
Maximum Heart Rate
The highest heart rate an individual can achieve safely during exercise.
Skeletal Health and Exercise
The impact of physical activity on bone strength and density.
Physical Activity Guidelines
Recommendations for frequency and intensity of exercise for health.
Cardiovascular Conditioning
Improvement of heart and lung capacity through aerobic exercises.
Strength-to-Weight Ratio
A measure of strength relative to body weight, important for fitness.
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