CPR1 - Histology {1.02}

What is serum?

Plasma - clotting factors

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes/RBCs?

Biconcave disc, bag of hemoglobin with no nucleus and barely any organelles

What are the characteristics of the erythrocyte/RBC cell membrane?

Has antigenic sites (blood grouping), attached to spectrin and ankyrin

What is the function of erythrocytes/RBCs?

Transport of oxygen & carbon-di-oxide

What is Polycythemia?

the body makes too many red blood cells, thickening the blood and slowing flow

What is Hereditary Spherocytosis?

Defect in cytoskeleton – spectrin & ankyrin causing weakening of the lipid bilayer and premature destruction of RBCs

What is sickle cell anemia?

Mutation of beta globin chain of hemoglobin causing sickling & destruction of RBCs

What is hemolytic anemia?

blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them

What disorders are considered a part of hemolytic anemia?

Sickle cell anemia and hereditary spherocytosis

In order to study the morphology of leukocytes, which of the following blood fractions would you prefer?

Buffy coat

What is the microscopic shape of the nucleus of a neutrophil?

3-5 lobes

What is the microscopic shape of the nucleus of eosinophils and basophils?

Bilobed

What WBCs have specific/secondary granules?

Granulocytes (Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

What percent of leukocytes are neutrophils?

50-70%

What percent of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

20-40%

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

1-4 days

What are the characteristics of leukocytes in circulation?

Spherical and inactive

What are the characteristics of leukocytes after migration to tissues?

Amoeboid and motile

What is margination?

Leukocytes move from the center of the bloodstream to the periphery

What is diapedesis?

leukocytes squeeze out from blood vessels into inflamed tissues to fight infection

What type of cell is seen here?

Neutrophil

What type of cell is seen here?

Neutrophil

What type of granule of the neutrophil is seen in A?

Azurophilic (primary) granules/ Lysosomes

What type of granule of the neutrophil is seen in S?

Specific (secondary) granules

What is found in Azurophilic (primary) granules/ Lysosomes of neutrophils?

Myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins

What is the function of Azurophilic (primary) granules/ Lysosomes of neutrophils?

Degrade phagocytosed microorganisms

What is the function of enzymes found in specific (secondary) granules?

Digest matrix & destroy bacteria

When is the enzymes of specific (secondary) granules released by neutrophils?

After migration to tissues

What type of cell is seen here?

Eosinophil

Where are eosinophils found?

Respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Kill parasites/helminthes, Local tissue damage & inflammation in allergic reactions

What enzymes are found in eosinophil granules?

Major basic protein, peroxidase

What type of cell is seen here?

Basophil

What is found in granules of basophils?

Histamine, heparin

What is the function of basophils?

Modulates inflammation in allergy, Supplements the action of mast cells

What receptor is found on the membrane of basophils?

IgE

When is neutrophilia seen?

Acute bacterial infections

When is eosinophilia seen?

Helminthic/worm infection, drug reaction, allergy

When is basophilia seen?

Myeloproliferative Disorders, Type I hypersensitivity (IgE)

What type of cell is seen here?

Lymphocyte

What cells are lymphocytes?

B cells, T cells, NK cells

What type of cell is seen here?

Monocyte

The plasma cells are derivatives of which of the following cells?

B lymphocytes

What are monocytes precursors of?

mononuclear phagocyte system/ macrophages

What are the functions of monocytes?

Antigen-antibody uptake, Antigen presenting cells, Phagocytosis, Wound healing, Bone resorption

What are Osteoclasts, Alveolar macrophage, Kupffer cells, Microglial cells derived from?

Monocytes

When is lymphocytosis seen?

Viral infection, Tuberculosis, Pertussis, Drug reaction

What diseases cause atypical lymphocytes?

Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus

When is monocytosis seen?

Chronic infections, Chronic inflammatory diseases, Malignancy

What cell is seen here?

Platelet/thrombocyte

What zone is number 1?

Hyalomere

What zone is number 2?

Granulomere

What is number 3?

Glycocalyx

What is number 4?

Open canaliculus

What is the function of open canaliculus of platelets?

Releases granules

What is the function of the Glycocalyx of platelets?

Promotes adhesion & activation

What is the function of platelets/thrombocytes?

Promotes hemostasis, Platelet plug, Repair of microvascular injury

What is contained in the hyalomere zone of platelets?

Marginal bundle (microtubules & actin), Open canaliculi/Vesicles, Smooth ER (calcium)

What is contained in the granulomere zone of platelets?

α granules: PDGF, VWF, fibrinogen, factor V, Delta/ dense granules: ADP, serotonin

What is Thrombocytopenic purpura caused by?

Autoimmune

What is aspirins effect on platelets?

Increased bleeding tendency by blocking platelet activation

What is red marrow?

Active hemopoiesis

What is yellow marrow?

Adipose tissue

What is a bone marrow smear?

Fluid & cells of marrow for Cell count & morphology

What is a bone marrow biopsy?

Bone & marrow for Marrow cellularity & composition

What percent of a normal marrow smear show blasts?

<5%

When is Reticulocytosis seen?

Highly active bone marrow

When are Howell-Jolly Bodies seen?

Failure of extrusion of nucleus, Common following splenectomy

What are more band cells in circulation indicative of?

Immature neutrophils, indicate infection

What are more hypersegmented neutrophils in circulation indicative of?

Due to slowed DNA synthesis, Megaloblastic anemia

What are Auer rods in Myeloblasts indicative of?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

What type of cell is seen here?

Plasma Cell

What are plasma cells?

B cell derivatives that secrete immunoglobulin and are located next to the capillaries

What do platelets form from?

Megakaryoblast → Megakaryocyte releases proplatelets

What type of cell is seen here?

Megakaryocyte

What is indicated by C?

Hematopoietic cords

What is indicated by A?

Adipocytes

What is indicated by S?

Sinusoids

What is Erythroid Hyperplasia?

More hematopoietic cords, More erythroid series

What is Myeloid Hyperplasia?

More hematopoietic cords, More myeloid series

What is Aplastic Anemia?

Less hematopoietic cords, More stroma