The Life-Span Perspective

What does the life-span perspective of development emphasize?

Lifelong changes in various dimensions

According to the life-span perspective, what is development?

A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life

What is normative age-graded influences?

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

In the context of developmental issues, what does "nature" refer to?

Biological inheritance

What does the term "social age" refer to in the study of development?

Connectedness with others and social roles

Which theorist proposed the idea that cognitive development involves the active construction of understanding?

Jean Piaget

According to Piaget's theory, at which stage can a child reason in more abstract and logical ways?

Formal Operational Stage

What is emphasized in Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?

The importance of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development

Which theory focuses on how individuals handle, monitor, and strategize with information?

Information-Processing Theory

According to the Information-Processing Theory, how is development viewed?

As a gradual increase in information-processing capacity

Which of the following is an example of a non-normative life event?

Winning a lottery jackpot at 30

Developmental science being multidisciplinary means:

It requires connections to various disciplines like psychology, biology, sociology, etc.

Stability-change issues in development concern:

The degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Which issue in development examines whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages?

Continuity-discontinuity issue

Which of the following is an example of a biological process influencing development?

Puberty-related hormonal shifts

What do cognitive processes primarily involve in development?

Changes in thought, intelligence, and language

Socioemotional processes in development primarily refer to changes in:

Relationships with others, emotions, and personality

According to psychoanalytic theories, development is primarily influenced by:

Unconscious thoughts and emotions

What is the main emphasis of psychoanalytic theorists regarding behavior and development?

Symbolic meanings and deep inner workings of the mind

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development includes how many stages?

Five stages

Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory suggests that development occurs through:

A series of stages with unique tasks and crises

Which of Erikson's stages occurs during early adulthood and focuses on forming intimate relationships?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development involves understanding the world through sensory experiences?

Sensorimotor Stage

At which stage do children progress from reflexive and instinctual action to symbolic thought, where words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking?

Preoperational Stage

According to Piaget, a child's cognitive stage is primarily determined by:

How they think and understand

What are the two main processes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Organization and adaptation

According to Skinner's Operant Conditioning, what shapes the likelihood of a behavior's occurrence?

External environment

In Skinner's theory, which of the following is more likely to be repeated?

Behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus

According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what plays a significant role in shaping behavior and development?

Observational learning, self-efficacy, and personal agency

In Bandura's model, what are the three elements that shape behavior and development?

Behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment

Ethological theory emphasizes that behavior is heavily influenced by:

Biology and evolution

What does ethological theory highlight regarding critical or sensitive periods?

They are specific time frames when certain experiences have a lasting impact on individuals.

Who studied greylag geese, showcasing the importance of imprinting in ethological theory?

Konrad Lorenz

According to ethological theory, what happens during imprinting?

form strong attachments to their caregivers early in life.

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory, which system includes the closest social and physical environment of an individual?

Microsystem

What does the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory refer to?

Connections between microsystems

Which of the following is an example of the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

Historical events and life transitions

Which data collection technique is the most significant and common method?

Observation

What is the primary advantage of using surveys and interviews in data collection?

Quick way to gather information about people

Which research method aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive Research

What does a case study provide information about?

one person's experiences

Which method involves studying the same individual over a period of time?

Longitudinal Approach

What does the cross-sectional approach in research involve?

Comparing individuals of different ages simultaneously

What does experimental research aim to study?

Causation and casualties

What does the term "cohort effect" refer to in research?

Group of people born at a similar point in history with similar experiences