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What does the life-span perspective of development emphasize?
Lifelong changes in various dimensions
According to the life-span perspective, what is development?
A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life
What is normative age-graded influences?
Similar for individuals in a particular age group
In the context of developmental issues, what does "nature" refer to?
Biological inheritance
What does the term "social age" refer to in the study of development?
Connectedness with others and social roles
Which theorist proposed the idea that cognitive development involves the active construction of understanding?
Jean Piaget
According to Piaget's theory, at which stage can a child reason in more abstract and logical ways?
Formal Operational Stage
What is emphasized in Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
The importance of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
Which theory focuses on how individuals handle, monitor, and strategize with information?
Information-Processing Theory
According to the Information-Processing Theory, how is development viewed?
As a gradual increase in information-processing capacity
Which of the following is an example of a non-normative life event?
Winning a lottery jackpot at 30
Developmental science being multidisciplinary means:
It requires connections to various disciplines like psychology, biology, sociology, etc.
Stability-change issues in development concern:
The degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
Which issue in development examines whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages?
Continuity-discontinuity issue
Which of the following is an example of a biological process influencing development?
Puberty-related hormonal shifts
What do cognitive processes primarily involve in development?
Changes in thought, intelligence, and language
Socioemotional processes in development primarily refer to changes in:
Relationships with others, emotions, and personality
According to psychoanalytic theories, development is primarily influenced by:
Unconscious thoughts and emotions
What is the main emphasis of psychoanalytic theorists regarding behavior and development?
Symbolic meanings and deep inner workings of the mind
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development includes how many stages?
Five stages
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory suggests that development occurs through:
A series of stages with unique tasks and crises
Which of Erikson's stages occurs during early adulthood and focuses on forming intimate relationships?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development involves understanding the world through sensory experiences?
Sensorimotor Stage
At which stage do children progress from reflexive and instinctual action to symbolic thought, where words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking?
Preoperational Stage
According to Piaget, a child's cognitive stage is primarily determined by:
How they think and understand
What are the two main processes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Organization and adaptation
According to Skinner's Operant Conditioning, what shapes the likelihood of a behavior's occurrence?
External environment
In Skinner's theory, which of the following is more likely to be repeated?
Behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus
According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what plays a significant role in shaping behavior and development?
Observational learning, self-efficacy, and personal agency
In Bandura's model, what are the three elements that shape behavior and development?
Behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment
Ethological theory emphasizes that behavior is heavily influenced by:
Biology and evolution
What does ethological theory highlight regarding critical or sensitive periods?
They are specific time frames when certain experiences have a lasting impact on individuals.
Who studied greylag geese, showcasing the importance of imprinting in ethological theory?
Konrad Lorenz
According to ethological theory, what happens during imprinting?
form strong attachments to their caregivers early in life.
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory, which system includes the closest social and physical environment of an individual?
Microsystem
What does the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory refer to?
Connections between microsystems
Which of the following is an example of the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?
Historical events and life transitions
Which data collection technique is the most significant and common method?
Observation
What is the primary advantage of using surveys and interviews in data collection?
Quick way to gather information about people
Which research method aims to observe and record behavior?
Descriptive Research
What does a case study provide information about?
one person's experiences
Which method involves studying the same individual over a period of time?
Longitudinal Approach
What does the cross-sectional approach in research involve?
Comparing individuals of different ages simultaneously
What does experimental research aim to study?
Causation and casualties
What does the term "cohort effect" refer to in research?
Group of people born at a similar point in history with similar experiences
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