NUR2392 MDC II Exam 3 Study Packet

Flashcards covering gastrointestinal disorders, endocrine disorders, oncology, and fluid/electrolyte imbalances based on the NUR2392 Exam 3 study packet.

GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease occurs when stomach contents flow backward into the esophagus, often due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

The muscle that normally prevents stomach reflux; symptoms of GERD worsen when this muscle is weak or when the patient is lying down.

Hiatal Hernia

A condition where part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, often causing symptoms like heartburn that worsen when bending over.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining commonly caused by long-term use of NSAIDs, alcohol, smoking, or $Helicobacter\,pylori$.

$Helicobacter\,pylori$ ($H.\,pylori$)

A bacterium associated with both gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A condition involving ulcers in the gastric or duodenal mucosa, with major causes being $H.\,pylori$ and NSAIDs.

Gastric Ulcer

A type of peptic ulcer where the pain typically worsens immediately after eating.

Duodenal Ulcer

A type of peptic ulcer where the pain is often relieved by eating food.

Hematemesis

The medical term for vomiting bright red blood, often indicating an upper GI bleed.

Melena

Black tarry stools indicating the presence of old blood from an upper GI bleed.

Dumping Syndrome

A complication after gastric surgery where food moves too rapidly into the small intestine; early symptoms occur within $15-30\,minutes$ after meals.

Skip Lesions

Characteristic inflammatory pattern found in Crohn's Disease where healthy tissue is interspersed with diseased areas.

Ulcerative Colitis

An inflammatory bowel disease characterized by continuous lesions, bloody diarrhea, and involvement limited to the colon.

Crohn's Disease

An inflammatory bowel disease that can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus, characterized by skip lesions and fistulas.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, characterized by pain starting at the umbilicus and localizing to the right lower quadrant.

Peritonitis

An inflammation of the peritoneal cavity often resulting in a board-like abdomen and rebound tenderness.

Diverticulosis

The formation of small pouches or diverticula in the wall of the colon, managed with a high fiber diet.

Diverticulitis

The inflammation of diverticula, often requiring a low fiber diet or bowel rest during the acute phase.

Ascites

The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, often associated with liver cirrhosis and low albumin levels.

Asterixis

A flapping tremor of the hands associated with hepatic encephalopathy resulting from increased ammonia levels.

Lactulose

A medication used in hepatic encephalopathy to lower ammonia levels by inducing $2$ to $3$ soft stools daily.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often causing pain in the right upper quadrant that radiates to the right shoulder.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas often caused by alcohol or gallstones, characterized by elevated lipase and amylase levels and a priority of NPO status.

SIADH

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone characterized by water retention, concentrated urine, and hyponatremia ($Sodium < 135\,mEq/L$).

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A disorder caused by a deficiency of ADH, resulting in excessive dilute urine, extreme thirst, and hypernatremia.

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

The primary medication used to treat Diabetes Insipidus.

Addison's Disease

Adrenal insufficiency resulting in low cortisol, low blood pressure, low sodium, and high potassium.

Cushing Syndrome

A condition caused by excess cortisol, leading to a buffalo hump, high blood glucose, and weight gain.

Myxedema Coma

A life-threatening complication of severe hypothyroidism characterized by hypothermia and bradycardia.

Thyroid Storm

A severe, life-threatening progression of hyperthyroidism characterized by extreme tachycardia and fever.

DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)

A life-threatening complication of Type 1 Diabetes involving blood glucose $> 250\,mg/dL$, ketones, acidosis, and Kussmaul respirations.

HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State)

An emergency associated with Type 2 Diabetes involving extreme dehydration and high blood glucose without significant ketones.

Kussmaul Respirations

Deep, rapid breathing pattern observed in patients with DKA as the body attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis.

TPN (Parenteral Nutrition)

Total Parenteral Nutrition administered through a central venous catheter, containing high concentrations of dextrose.

Portal Hypertension

Increased pressure within the portal venous system, which is the primary cause of esophageal varices.

Chvostek’s Sign

A sign of hypocalcemia characterized by facial twitching when the facial nerve is tapped.

Trousseau’s Sign

A sign of hypocalcemia characterized by a carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff.

Primary Prevention

Actions aimed at stopping cancer before it occurs, such as smoking cessation, sunscreen use, or the HPV vaccine.

Secondary Prevention

Actions focused on early detection of cancer, such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears.

Tertiary Prevention

Actions aimed at reducing complications after a cancer diagnosis, including chemotherapy, radiation, and rehabilitation.

Neutropenia

A condition of low neutrophil count, requiring precautions such as avoiding fresh fruits, vegetables, and sick people.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

A law that protects individuals from discrimination by employers and health insurance companies based on genetic information.