Chapter 1 APUSH flashcards

Tribute

The practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples.

Matriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line.

Animism

Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world, honoring spirits and spiritual forces in nature.

Patriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line, with male heads of family ruling over women and children.

Primogeniture

The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.

Peasants

The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe, some of whom owned land while others leased or rented small plots.

Republic

A state without a monarch or prince, governed by representatives of the people.

Civic Humanism

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and government, emphasizing selfless service in a self-governing republic.

Renaissance

A cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, reshaping art and architecture and giving rise to civic humanism.

Guilds

Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated trade practices and entry.

Christianity

A religion that believes Jesus Christ was divine, historically unified Western Europe through the Roman Catholic Church.

Heresy

A religious doctrine inconsistent with the teachings of a church.

Islam

A religion that regards Muhammad as God's last prophet, spreading rapidly after his death in C.E. 632.

Crusades

A series of wars by Christian armies from C.E. 1096 to 1291 aimed at reversing Muslim advances in Europe and reclaiming holy lands.

Predestination

The belief that God chooses certain individuals for salvation before birth, a key tenet of Puritan theology advocated by John Calvin.

Protestant Reformation

The reform movement starting in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to a division between Protestants and Catholics.

Counter-Reformation

A Catholic Church reaction to the Reformation, seeking internal change and establishing new monastic and missionary orders like the Jesuits.

Trans-Saharan Trade

The main trade route for West Africans before European connections, controlled by the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, trading slaves and gold for salt and goods.

Reconquista

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to expel North African Moors from Europe, culminating in the defeat at Granada in 1492.