The Global Interstate System, GE 3 introduction , Ge 3 (The Global Economy), The Global Economy, Market Integration and Global Economic Structures, Contemporary Global Governance

CCH:

- Collapse of borders

- Collapse of universalism and particularism

- Higher interconnectivity

Features of Globalization by Chong 2007

Global Interstate System by Chase-Dunn, 1981

"A system of unequally powerful and competing states in which no single state is capable of imposing control on all others. These states are in interaction

with one another in a set of shifting alliances and wars, and changes in the relative power of states upsets any temporary set of alliances, leading to a

restructuring of the balance of power."

Globalism

Networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing them close together economically, socially, culturally, and informationally.

Internationalism

Internationalism is the idea that

we both are and should be part

of a broader community than

that of the nation or state

(Halliday, 1988).

Internationalism

Denotes a variety of impulses that favored and facilitated cooperation between individuals, groups, organizations or governments.

"Governments and Citizens in a Globally

Interconnected World of States" (Hans Schattle);

supranational

integration;

local fragmentation

States now face new kinds of pressures, with advances toward ________________ on the one hand met with forces of _______________________ on the other.

why this matters for citizens

"It is essential to understand the ways in

which globalization has partially

reconfigured and continues to reshape the roles and functions of states and how and _______________________."

• economic interdependence

• economic and political integration

• international law and universal

norms

• transnational advocacy networks

• new communication platforms

"Governments and Citizens in a

Globally Interconnected World

of States" (Hans Schattle)

Five Major Areas

Economic interdependence

Globalization is commonly equated with

the rising momentum of global free-market

capitalism in the final decades of the twentieth

century.

Economic interdependence

• "Golden Straitjacket"

• Cons: Exploitation

Economic and Political Integration; North American Free Trade Agreement

Formation of regional partnerships with their neighbours, from loosely-knit organizations promoting trade and economic cooperation to trading blocs such as the _________________________________ (NAFTA).

The Case of EU:

Considered as the deepest and most successful integration

experiment in history.

• Single market for trade, services, investments, and movement

of workers

• Supranational political structure

• Single currency, the euro

Cons: Crises can be a cause for disenchantment (ex. Brexit)

International Law and Universal Principles

End of the Second World War prompted leaders to create an international organization that would facilitate global dialogue and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The United Nations

The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the

devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission:

the maintenance of international peace and security.

International Criminal Court

Plays a role in prosecuting individuals accused of genocide and

other crimes against humanity. The formation of the court

represented an important expansion of public accountability

beyond the state.

United Nations

The ________________ came into being in 1945, following the

devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission:

the maintenance of international peace and security.

Internatioal Criminal Court

Plays a role in prosecuting individuals accused of genocide and

other crimes against humanity. The formation of the court

represented an important expansion of public accountability

beyond the state

International Law and Universal Principles

States now compete not only for economic advantage but also for

moral credibility, and this is particularly evident in the ways that many civil society organizations and think tanks now rank states

and release annual indexes.

TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS &

New Communication Platforms

Opened up new points of interaction between domestic politics and international relations, further pushed by technology and social media

international pressure

'When a state recognizes the legitimacy of

international interventions and changes its

domestic behavior in response to

______________________, it reconstitutes the

relationship between the state, its citizens

and international actors"'. Keck and Sikkink

(1998: 37)

Examples: Women's Movement, Environmental Movement, Human Rights Movements

TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS &

New Communication Platforms

On the other hand, new communication

platforms have also been utilized by

governments to strategically communicate

their agenda and even sometimes quell

dissents. Take for example the rise in

propaganda media, state-funded television

networks, etc.

United Nations

- 193 member states

- International peace and

security

World Bank

- 187 countries

- Financial institution that

provides loans and

grants

International Monetary Fund

- 191 member states

- To foster global monetary

cooperation, secure financial

stability, facilitate international

trade, etc

World Trade Organization

- 166 member states

- Deals with the global rules of trade

between nations

World Health Organization

- The United Nations agency

working to promote health,

keep the world safe and serve

the vulnerable.

UNESCO

- The agency of the United Nations

contributing to building peace through

international cooperation in education,

the sciences and culture.

NSAs or Non-State Actors

_______ are becoming more

capable, generating a greater

diversity of effects and influence

in international and national

security affairs. Although they

lack the privileges and rights of

politically sovereign actors,

these entities exercise significant

economic, political, or social

power at a national and even

international level.

• Subnational governments

• Commercial firms

• Academic and scientific institutes

• Public service organizations

• Civil society movements

• Militants and other criminal groups

• Superempowered individuals

NSA or Non State Actors examples

Cooperation

_________________ is achieved by building trust. Parties

may not cooperate the first time but through

iteration, they can learn and possibly cooperate next

time.

Cooperation through reciprocity, seeing how mutual

cooperation rather than defection yields better

results (as with the Prisoner's Dilemma), could

facilitate in establishing international regimes.

• Linkages

• Checks and balance

• Balance of power

• Confidence-building

Why states cooperate:

Globalization

- Ronald Robertson

as a concept, it refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of

the consciousness of the world as a whole . . . both concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole

Anthony Giddens on globalization

Can be defined as the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.

1. MNCs have global reach and increasing power

2. Travel and shipping are cheap and safe

3. Governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on International trade.

Why is globalization a phenomenon?

Globalism

At its core, is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances. It attempts to understand all the inter-connections of the modern world — and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them.

Globalism

A phenomenon with ancient roots. Thus, the issue is not how old globalism is, but rather how "thin" or "thick" it is at any given time.

Globalization

Refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism. It focuses on the forces, the dynamism or speed of these changes.

globalization

The process by which globalism becomes increasingly thick/intense.

Globalization (Summarized)

Globalization involves the compression of space such that distance is less of a factor than it used to be in terms of knowledge, communication and movement. Geography and territory are undermined and things start to develop at a

level that is more than, and above, inter-national relations.

Globalization (Summarized)

1. "Globalization needs to be global in

distance. "

2."Globalization needs to be globally

inclusive in inputs as well as reach."

3."There needs to be interdependency

rather than just interconnection."

4."There needs to be stability and

regularity in relations so that, rather

than being intermittent or temporary,

these establish a structure or system."

Rejectionists

Skeptics

Modifiers

Competing conceptions of globalizations:

Globalization is Globaloney

Rejectionists

Globalization as 'Globaloney':

Too complex and ambigous

Skeptics

Globalization as 'Globaloney':

Limited in nature

Modifiers

Globalization as 'Globaloney'

It's not novel

What these critics tell us about please, please, please by Sabrina Carpenter

- Be more careful and precise in using the term

- Remind us that some aspects of globalization may neither constitute new developments nor reach to all corners of the earth - avoid globalizing tendencies

- The need to conceptualize globalization beyond economic lines, putting weight to its multidimensional character.

- As economic process

- As political process

- As cultural process

Various approaches to glocalization

- the changing nature of the production process; and

- the liberalization and internationalization of financial

transaction

(As Economic process)

The two most important aspects of economic globalization:

As economic process

'the increasing linkage of national economies through trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investment ... by multinational firms'

(Gilpin, 2000)

Powerful Transnational Corporations (TNCs) with subsidiaries in several countries

(As Economic process)

Significant economic development that involves the changing nature of global production:

Political globalization

a process intrinsically connected to the expansion of markets.

As political process

Globalization has happened because technological advances have broken down many physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit how much connected or cooperative activity of any kind could happen over long distances

Politics

the crucial category upon which rests a proper understanding of globalization

Global governance

Martin Shaw: 'state formation beyond the national level'.

Global governance

David Held and Anthony McGrew: portrayed globalization as diminishing the sovereignty of national governance, thereby reducing the relevance of the nation-state and the need for effective global governance structures.

As Cultural process

Globalization not as a one- dimensional phenomenon, but

as a multidimensional process involving diverse domains of activity and interaction, including the cultural sphere.

Cultural globalization

It is a densely growing network of complex cultural interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern social life

- Sociologist John Tomlinson

Homogeneity

(As cultural process)

John Tomlinson: global cultural flows are directed by powerful international media corporations that utilize new communication technologies to shape societies and identities. ... This interconnectivity caused by cultural globalization challenges parochial values and identities, because it undermines the linkages

Americanization (on homogeneity)

the global diffusion of American values, consumer goods, and lifestyles

Cultural imperialism (on homogeneity)

Are overwhelming more vulnerable cultures.

McDonaldization (on homogeneity)

term coined by the American sociologist George Ritzer (1993 to describe the wide-ranging process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society, as well as the rest of the world.

McWorld (on homogeneity)

Term coined by Benjamin R. Barber

On diversity:

Roland Robertson has famously argued that global cultural flows often reinvigorate local cultural niches.

Glocalization (on diversity)

a complex interaction of the global and local characterized by cultural borrowing.

Hybridization (on diversity)

Globalization is both a material and a mental condition, constituted by complex, often contradictory interactions of global, local, and individual aspects of social life

- Ethnoscapes

- Technoscapes

- Finanscapes

- Ideoscapes

- Mediascapes

Globalization but it's Appadurai's Five 'Scapes of Globalization'

Ethnoscapes

Flow of people across boundaries

Technoscapes

Flows of technology

Finanscapes

Flow of money across political borders

Mediascapes

Flow of media

Ideoscapes

Flow of ideas

ensures we see the power, inequality and conflict in globalization.

"There are other things that make defining globalization

important. One is that it ____________________________________________________________. Seeing some situations as globalization - as inclusive, integrated, two- way and globally extended - gives an impression of inclusivity and equality that is inaccurate. Questioning whether phenomena meet the definition of globalization helps to show the power, inequality and lack of inclusion in the processes being outlined.

organic system

Szentes: 'In economic terms globalisation is nothing but a process making the world economy an "_______________" by extending transnational economic processes and economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic interdependencies among them

The "Golden Age" of Globalization

Peaked in 1914, after WWI

Transportation,

Communication,

Capital

Significant Developments that Drive Economic Globalization

Transportation

Steamships, Railroads, Airplaine

Communication

Telegraph, internet

Capital

Capital and immigration, remittances, free trade

Problems in Global Economic Development

1. Poor nations and the peoples who inhabit them were and are subjugated by the operations of the global economy

2. Not all parts of the world gain/gain equally from the growth of the global economy.

3. Not only were or are there losers in this economic competition among geographic areas, but also certain industries and social classes lose out, at least in comparison to the winners.

4. Within nations, the poor tends to suffer most, especially when those nations are forced to repay their debts to other, more developed nations.

Trade surplus

Exports exceed imports.

Trade deficit

Imports exceed exports

Supply chains

value-adding activities in the production process

International Production Networks

The networks of producers involved in the process of producing a finished product.

Global Commodity Chains

Value-adding chains and the global organization of industries.

Walmart and amazon

Buyer-driven Chains examples:

Global Value Chains

"These highlight the relative value of those economic activities that are required to bring a good or service from conception to, through different phases of production (involving a combination of physical transformation and the

input of various producer services), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use."

(Gereffi, 2012)

Scrap metal

2/3 of steel made in the US comes from recycled steel

INCREASING COMPETITION FOR COMMODITIES

Increase competition reflects the increasing demand for commodities around the world:

• Massive development and rapid industrialization

• Emergence of expanding consumer society

Global commodities

_________________________ ranging from oil to base metals to grains are moving higher as billions of people in China and around the world get wealthier and are consuming more as they produce products for us, and increasingly for themselves." (Krauss 2008:C1)

Outsourcing

is the transfer of activities once performed by an entity to a business in exchange for money.

Macro-level

Ex. Corporations outsourcing work in other countries (Offshore outsourcing)

Micro-level

Ex. Parents outsourcing care of children or aging parents to other individuals or institution.

Meso-level

Ex. Companies outsourcing HR functions to other countries

CONSUMPTION

Globalization of Consumption is often tied to Americanization

• Traceable to the affluence of the US after the close of WWII and the economic difficulties encountered by most other societies in the world.

• The emphasis in the economy is to greatly increase global flows of everything related to consumption and decrease barriers to those flows.

hyperconsumption; hyperdebt

Globalization is characterized by _____________ and ______________, as well as the problems associated with them.

Consumer Objects and Services

• Revolves around shopping for and purchasing not only objects of all kinds but also various services

• Brands and branding have become more important than ever

Consumers

Increasing numbers of people throughout the world are spending more and more time as consumers.

Consumption Processes

The knowledge of working one's way through a shopping mall, using a credit card, purchasing online.

Consumption Sites

From physical stores to online shops

the modern world-system theory

Immanuel Wallerstein developed ______________________, which is an approach, analytical tool, and basic framework for studying reality through the global economic activity that divides countries according to their economic power

modern capitalist world-economy

The modern world-system is also known as the:

Capitalism

Defined as a system that gives priority to the endless accumulation of capital.

THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM (holistic approach)

Actors such as individuals, states, firms, etc., "are not primordial atomic elements, but part of a systemic mix out of which they emerged and upon which they act. They act freely, but their freedom is constrained by their biographies at the social prisons of which they are a part."

Core,

Periphery,

Semi-periphery

division of labor (the modern world-system)