C4.1 Communities (SL)

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the C4.1 Communities (SL) lecture, including ecological relationships, statistical tests, population controls, and chemical interactions.

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39 Terms

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Community

All interacting populations (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) living together in a given area.

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Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in one area.

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Habitat

The abiotic environment in which a community lives.

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Ecosystem

A community plus its abiotic habitat and the interactions between them.

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Ecological Niche

The role and position a species occupies, including its use of resources and relationships with other species.

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Herbivory

A feeding relationship in which an organism consumes only plant matter.

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Predation

An interaction where one organism (predator) hunts and feeds on another (prey).

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Interspecific Competition

Competition between different species for limited resources.

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Symbiosis

A close, long-term interaction between two different species.

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Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

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Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected.

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Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits at the expense of another.

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Pathogenicity

The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease in a host.

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Root Nodule Mutualism

Association between legume roots (Fabaceae) and nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria, benefiting both partners.

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Mycorrhizae

A filamentous network formed between fungi and orchid roots (Orchidaceae) that increases nutrient uptake for both.

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Zooxanthellae

Photosynthetic algae living inside coral polyps, providing nutrients while receiving protection and CO₂.

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Endemic Species

A species native to and restricted to a specific geographic region.

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Alien Species

A species introduced to an area outside its natural range.

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Invasive Species

An alien species that disrupts native ecosystems and harms endemic species.

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Fundamental Niche

The full range of environmental conditions a species could occupy in the absence of competition.

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Red Fox vs. Quoll

Example of resource competition where introduced red foxes outcompete Australia’s native quolls.

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Laboratory Experiment (Competition)

Controlled test measuring species performance when isolated versus together.

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Field Manipulation

Research method that removes one species in nature to observe impact on another.

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Field Observation

Random sampling (e.g., quadrats) to record species presence or absence in situ.

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Contingency Table

A matrix of observed frequencies used to organize presence/absence data for chi-squared tests.

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Expected Frequency

Value calculated from row and column totals to predict distribution if no association exists.

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Chi-Squared Test

Statistical test comparing observed and expected frequencies to assess species association.

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Degrees of Freedom (df)

Value (for two-species association, df = 1) used to locate critical chi-squared values.

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p Value

Probability that observed differences are due to chance; p < 0.05 denotes statistical significance.

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Null Hypothesis

Statement that there is no association between two species; accepted unless data are significant.

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Alternative Hypothesis

Statement that an association exists between two species; accepted when chi-squared is significant.

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Top-Down Control

Population regulation by consumers at higher trophic levels affecting lower levels (trophic cascade).

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Bottom-Up Control

Population regulation initiated by resource availability at lower trophic levels influencing higher levels.

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Keystone Species

Species that exerts disproportionate top-down control, preventing resource monopolization by lower levels.

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Secondary Metabolite

A chemical not essential for growth but produced to influence other organisms (e.g., allelopathic compounds).

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Allelopathy

Release of chemicals by a plant or organism that affects growth or survival of other species.

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Sinigrin

Allelopathic compound from garlic mustard that inhibits germination and root growth of neighboring plants.

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Antibiotic

Chemical that inhibits or kills bacteria, often secreted by fungi or other organisms.

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Penicillin

Antibiotic produced by Penicillium fungus that targets bacterial cell walls.