Ap World History - Unit 6.1-4 Vocabulary

Imperalism

the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism

a political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often advocating for self-determination.

Sino-Japanese War

two major conflicts between Qing China and Japan, the first occurring from 1894 to 1895 and the second from 1937 to 1945.

Formosa

the Western name for the island of Taiwan

Charles Darwin

British naturalist and biologist best known for developing the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Social Darwinism

claimed that certain races or classes of people were inherently superior

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who significantly opened up the interior of Africa to spread Christianity, combat slavery, and open up trade routes

East India Company (EIC)

a trading company established in 1600 that played a significant role in the establishment and expansion of British maritime

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

a powerful trading company established in 1602 by the Dutch Republic to control trade in Asia, primarily focusing on the lucrative spice trade, and gaining a dominant position in the East Indies,

King Leopold II

was the King of Belgium from 1865 to 1909, best known for his personal control of the Congo Free State

Cixi

a powerful and influential figure in late Qing Dynasty China, serving as the de facto ruler from 1861 until her death in 1908.

Sierra Leone

was founded as a settlement for freed slaves from Britain

Gold Coast

a region on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, now known as Ghana

Cape Colony

a Dutch colonial settlement established in the 17th century at the southern tip of Africa

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908.

Abyssinia

the historical name for the Ethiopian Empire, a sovereign state in the Horn of Africa (modern-day: Ethopia and Eritrea)

Liberia

a West African country a settlement for freed slaves from the modern-day America

Ceylon

is now known as Sri Lanka

Dutch East Indies

was a trading company created by the Netherlands to conduct trade in the East Indies.

Indochina

region in Southeast Asia encompassing the countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Siam

Thailand

Australia

which was colonized by the British and became a self-governing dominion within the British Empire

New Zealand

a series of conflicts fought from the 1840s to the 1870s between British colonial forces and various Māori groups in ____

Berlin Conference

a meeting of European powers aimed at taking pieces of Africa to regulate European colonization and trade

Treaty of Waitangi

established a framework for governance in New Zealand that aimed to protect Māori rights while allowing British sovereignty

Scramble for Africa

the rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century

Monroe Doctrine

warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs

Manifest Destiny

belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the entire North American continent, justifying westward expansion and often leading to the forced removal of Native American populations

Roosevelt Corollary

modified the Monroe Doctrine by stating The United States will act as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers

Great Game

strategic rivalry and political conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia

Concertation Camps

facilities where large numbers of people, often political prisoners, minorities, or those deemed undesirable by the state

Penal Colony

a settlement established in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory, where convicted criminals are sent to live and work as a form of punishment, typically involving forced labor and isolation from society

Boer Wars

two conflicts between the British Empire and the Boer settlers (Dutch Farmers) in Southern Africa or known as the Cape, primarily from British wanting to control the region and the Boers' desire to maintain their independence

Seven Year War

a far-reaching conflict between European powers that lasted from 1756 to 1763

Boxer Rebellions

Violent anti-Foreign and anti-Christian uprise in China led by secret society called Boxers who am to drive out foriegn influence and missionaries from the country through attacks on foriengers

Corvee Laborer

a system of forced labor in which individuals are required to work for a certain number of days per year for the state or a local lord

Sphere of Influence

Region where a powerful nation (group or institution) holds power of authority WITHOUT FORMALLY COLONIZING THE AREA, giving dominance level of influence over the local affairs of the region (political, economic, cultural affairs)

Afrikaners

basically the Boers, the Dutch settlers, arrived at the Cape of Good Hope

Colonization of Society

communities that have been subjugated and controlled by foreign powers, often through military conquest

Indian Territory

a designated area created in the early 19th century primarily for the relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands

Trail of Tears

forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation and other Native American tribes from their ancestral land

Suez Canal

man-made waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea

Quinine

a natural compound derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, known for its effectiveness in treating malaria.

Tupac Amaru II

a revolutionary leader of indigenous descent in the late 18th century who led a major uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru

Jose Rizal

figure of the Propaganda Movement

Usman dan Fodio

a religious leader who led a jihad, or holy war, to establish an Islamic state in the region

Samory Toure

was a prominent military leader and founder of the Wassoulou Empire in West Africa during the late 19th century

Muhammad Ahmad

Sudanese religious leader who declared himself the Mahdi in 1881 and led the movement against British-Egyptian rule

Yaa Asantewaa

a powerful Ashanti queen mother who led the Ashanti rebellion against British colonial rule in 1900, known as the War of the Golden Stool.

Balkan Peninsula

southeastern Europe, encompassing countries like Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and parts of Turkey

Sokota Caliphate

a large Islamic state in West Africa that existed from the early 19th century until the British conquest in 1903.

Sudan

a country located in northeastern Africa, historically significant for its position as a trade crossroads and cultural exchange hub

Asante Empire

a powerful West African state that emerged in the late 17th century, known for its wealth, military strength, and complex political organization

Ghost Dance

a spiritual movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century that aimed to restore their traditional ways of life.

Indian Rebellion of 1857 or Sepoy Mutiny

a significant uprising against British rule in India that marked a turning point in colonial, sparked by Sepoys (Indian soldiers)

Philippines Revolution

a military and political uprising against Spanish colonial rule that began in 1896 and led to the declaration of Philippine

Spanish-American War

a conflict fought between the United States and Spain in 1898, primarily over issues of Cuban independence and American imperial

Philippine America War

an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries

Maori Wars

a series of conflicts fought from the 1840s to the 1870s between British colonial forces and various Māori groups in New Zealand

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

a significant resistance movement that occurred among the Xhosa people in South Africa during the 1850s.

Anglo-Zulu War

A conflict between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom in 1879, resulting from British expansionist ambitions in Southern Africa

Treaty of Paris

a series of agreements that ended the American Revolutionary War and established peace between Great Britain and the United States

Proclamation of 1763

an order issued by King George III following the conclusion of the French and Indian War.

Indian Removal Act

a law enacted in 1830 that authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties to relocate Native American tribes

Indian National Congress

a political party in India that played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Cherokee Nation

a Native American tribe originally from the southeastern United States, known for their rich culture and history

Maori

indigenous Polynesian inhabitants of New Zealand

Xhosa

an ethnic group from South Africa who are primarily known for their resistance against European colonization

Zulu

a large ethnic group native to South Africa, primarily located in the KwaZulu-Natal province, known for their powerful kingdom established by Shaka Zulu who led them through the Anglo-Zulu Ward

Mahdi

a messianic figure in Islamic eschatology, believed to be a divinely guided leader who will emerge to restore justice and righteousness before the Day of Judgment

Pan-Africanism

a global movement that seeks to unify and empower people of African descent, promoting solidarity and cultural connection

Sepoys

an Indian soldier, specifically one who served in the armies of European trading companies, most notably the British East India Company, during the period of British colonization in India

Raj

the period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947, marked by the direct governance of India by the British Crown

Natural Resources European Wanted

Guano (natural fertilizer), cotton, rubber, palm oil, ivory, copper, tin, gold, and diamonds

Cecil Rhodes

a British imperialist and businessman known for his role in the expansion of British influence from South Africa to Egypt

De Beers Mining Company

is a multinational corporation founded in 1888 that specializes in diamond exploration, mining, and marketing. (Founded by Cecil Rhodes)

Cash Crops

an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible

Export Economies

is a type of economic system that relies heavily on selling goods and services to foreign markets to generate income and drive economic growth (producing raw materials, cash crops, or manufactured products)

Monocultures

the practice of cultivating only one single crop species over a large area of land

Railroads

a system of tracks and trains used to transport people and goods over long distances

Steamships

a vessel powered by steam engines (Revolutionized maritime transportation during the Industrial Age) enabling faster, more reliable travel acrosses oceans and rivers

Telegraph

early communication device that allowed transmission of messages over a long distance by radio or electrial signals.

Apartheid

where non-white citizens were forcibly separated from white citizens and denied basic rights in areas like housing, education, employment, and political participation