lecture 3

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to research methods and design discussed in the lecture notes.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The outcome variable that is measured in an experiment, expected to change due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Random Assignment

A method where each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, minimizing selection bias.

Between-Subjects Design

An experimental design where different participants are assigned to different levels of the independent variable.

Within-Subjects Design

An experimental design where the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.

Ceiling Effect

Occurs when scores are at or near the maximum, making it difficult to detect differences.

Floor Effect

Occurs when scores are at or near the minimum, restricting the ability to observe variability.

Quasi-Experimental Design

A type of research design that lacks random assignment, allowing for natural comparisons but risking confounding variables.

Demand Characteristics

Aspects of a study that might inform participants of the research purpose, possibly influencing their behavior.

Counterbalancing

A technique used in within-subjects designs to control for order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants.

T-Test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups, can be independent or dependent.

Manipulation of IV

The deliberate change or control of the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Placebo

A control condition used in experiments, where participants receive an inactive treatment.

Order Effects

Changes in participants' responses due to the order in which the conditions are presented.

Fatigue Effects

A specific type of order effect where participants' performance declines due to tiredness over time.

Double-Blind Study

A study design in which neither participants nor researchers know who is receiving the treatment, reducing bias.

Latin Square Design

A counterbalancing method ensuring each condition appears in each position at least once across participants.

Independent t-test

Compares the means of 2 different groups on continuous DV in a between-subjects design that has 2 levels

Dependent t-test

Compares the means of the same group at 2 different times or under 2 conditions in a within-in subjects design and compares 2 conditions