Chapter 1 vocab

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary from Chapter 1 lecture notes.

Adaptation

Refers to how a biological organism adjusts to changes in the environment.

Adolescent limited delinquency

Delinquency or a crime that occurs after an individual grows into adolescence.

Age norms

Represents the socially & culturally defined expectations for how people should behave at a point in the relevant behavioral outcomes.

Animism

The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Biographical time

In the life-course perspective, it is conceived as a socially constructed pathway of role-transitions that is affected by the historical time & place where the individuals life history unfolds.

Cohort (period) effects

Refer to influences on a group of individuals born around the same time who share common historical experiences.

Crisis

A decisive point produced by stress or other types of biopsychosocial demands of life that lead to positive or negative outcomes.

Crisis theory

A theory for intervention in the crises of people who are having difficulties coping various stressors and other demands of life.

Cultural competency

The values, principles, beliefs, and behaviors that allow professionals to practice effectively cross-culturally.

Cumulative Continuity

An important issue in the life-course tradition that focuses on the way in which behavior at one point in life has consequences that increase the likelihood of continued behavior.

Current perspective

In the multidimensional integrative approach, assessing how biological, psychological, and social systems influence current states of affairs.

Developmental Perspective

In the multidimensional approach, assessment of how the dimensions interact in leading up to the current state of affairs or development outcome.

Economic inequalities

The unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society.

Environmental paths

The various paths followed by people in their social environment, such as work, intimacy, and education.

Five C's

Competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring compassion. These social contexts consist of relationships between youth & adults that are capable of supporting the acquisition of what learner and colleagues.

Funnel Theory

Any theory supporting the hypothesis, from early developmental theory, that change tends to contract over time.

Habitat

The place where groups of people are normally found.

Human plasticity

The changeability of human structures & outcomes.

Inhibiting & promoting environments

Contexts assessed in terms of the adequacy of resources for developing appropriate competencies. Inhibiting environments are contexts with inadequate resources that create conditions that undermine development; promoting environments have adequate resources to promote appropriate developmental competencies.

Life course

A concept & a perspective for looking at developmental issues that takes into account macro contributions to developmental outcomes.

Life course persistent delinquency

Delinquency that continues after adolescence into adulthood.

Life paths

A person's history of personality development, and can be influenced by their social environment.

Myth of arrival

The myth that someday, after hard work and survived crises, life will be what we always wanted.

Non-normative events

Events or experiences unique to the individual; not the norm, or not predictable.

Normative age-graded influences

Predictable experiences that happen universally & are closely tied to age.

Normative history graded influences

Experiences shared by people because they are alive during a particular time period.

Opportunity inequalities

Unequal access to privileged educational resources, often associated with class differences.

Possibilism

The concept that the natural environment places constraints on human activity, but humans can adapt to some environmental limits while modifying others using technology.

Risk Factors

Any event of experience associated with an undesirable developmental outcome.

Self-Selection

An assumption in delinquency theory that individuals tend to select experiences that are consistent with internal traits or dispositions established early in life.

Social environment

All the expectations, motives, and incentives that places limits on behavior and that are constructed by other people who live in a person's social world.

Social functioning

All the factors influencing the performance of roles that enable individuals to achieve a reasonable degree of fulfillment and to function as productive and contributing members of society.

Strengths perspective

An approach to assessing people by focusing on strengths & capacities rather than identifying only deficits, disabilities, and/or problems.

The good life

The state of well-being, that involves having a sense of purpose, meaningful life, healthy mind and body.

Trajectory

A specific path or line of development followed by a person to a specific life outcome.

Transitions

Short term state changes that are marked by life events.

Turning Points

A change in direction in the life course; alters the probability of a trajectory toward a specific life destination.