HIST civil war, antebellum, + mexican war

Mexican war, antebellum, civil war, & reconstruction

Election of 1840 Summary

• Whigs

• Personality driven election

• “Log cabins and Hard Cider” Campaign

Election of 1840 winner AND first wig president

William H. Harrison

William H. Harrison, Famous for:

He died after 6 weeks in office after giving the longest inaugural speech

President John Tyler

“His Accidency”

• Did not agree with the Whigs agenda

• Annexed Texas

Texas Annexation

• Americans began moving to Texas

• Mexico scrapped its constitution, creating a dictator

• 1835 — Alamo

• 36–45: Was its own country

Texas Annexation controversy

• Settlers hoped they would join the U.S. just to add land and space

• People did not want to add Texas due to expanding slavery

Election of 1644

• Disliked Tyler

• Henry Clay: xx

• James K. Polk: wants to add Texas as an expansionist

• Neck and neck race

Winner of Election of 1844

James K Polk

President James Polk, Presidential Promises

• Lower tariffs

• Independent Treasury Act

• Annex Oregon Territory

• Annex Texas

• Serve ONE term

Independent Treasury Act

Will not support any national banks

Annex Oregon Territory

Disputed northwest territory claimed by Britain

Manifest Destiny quote

“…to overspend the continent allotted by Providence for the development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

Manifest Destiny

• Idea that really enthusiastic expansionism,

• this idea of spreading, of growing the United States.

• Age of the Oregon trail

Oregon Country 1818–1846

“Fifty-four, Forty or Fight!”

• Both dipped into the others’ territory

• Settled by drawing a line in the middle

• Fully negotiated

The Mexican War 1846-48

• American troops were constantly outnumbered but punched up

• President Polk put an army into the banks of Rio grand

  • Believed to be a guaranteed claim

• Mexico sees it as an invasion + sends troops down there

Texas Campaign: Battles of Palo Alto & Resaca de Palma

• Americans were killed or captured on “American soil” (disputed land)

• Spot’s Speech

Battle of Palo Alto & Resaca de la Palma general

• General Zachary Taylor “old rough and ready”

  • Fort Texas + falls back, protecting the supply line

  • Europeans bet that Mexico would win

• General Brown

• Won both battles and renamed Fort Texas INTO Brown (Brownsville)

Spot’s Speech

Abraham Lincoln was questioned to where American soil was spilled after being against the war

Battle of Buena Vista

• Many state volunteers to train

• Mexican army led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

  • DEFEATED ALAMO HAHAHA

• America was horribly outnumbered

• The

The Mexico City Campaign

• General Winfield Scott

  • Old fuss and feathers & super solider of 19th century America

• His army marched inland and had troops live off the land, cutting the supply line

• Paid the citizens really well

Battle of Chapultepec

• Large fortress

• US army regulars + US marines successfully scale and capture the fort

• Victory and final battle!

U.S. Victory & Mexican Cession

Mexico recognised the current boundary and surrender the southwest, which was paid for El

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor wins, then dies after two years in office

Third party

• Anti-slavery party

• Free soil means west does not have slavery

• Key reason: representation issue (extra votes), U.S. hypocrisy of freedom while owning people, second great awakening, & immoral

• Historians are unsure whether it actually help or hurt the economy C

Compromise of 1850 Lead up

• California gold fields had many people coming into the state

• Webster, Clay, and Calhoun

• Clay puts ona bill and it fails

• Senator Stephen Douglas gets bill through congress by breaking it up into smaller bills

Compromise of 1850 terms

• California to be as admitted as a free state

• A stronger Fugitive Slave Act

• New Mexico and Arizona Territories to be organised without reference to slavery

• Congress to declare it can’t regulate interstate slave states

• New Mexico receives disputed territory from Texas

• Federal government assumes Texas debt

Reason why Whigs fizzle out

• The slavery question is extremely contentious and cannot find a good position

• No longer sustain a national party

• Fugitive Slave Act backfired

Issues in Democratic Party in1852

• Split over slavery

• Free States disliked slave Fugitive Laws

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Successor of the Missouri compromise.

• People who moved there are allowed to decide whether or not to allow slavery

• Created to give the South something due to giving the North railroads

Popular Sovereignty

People choose what they want for something independently

Context of The Kansas-Nebraska Act & Popular Sovereignty

• Business company’s build railroads

• Needs congressional subsidies to build such a railroad

• Chicago is a major railroad hub

• Majority in the north

Who created The Kansas-Nebraska Act & Popular Sovereignty

Senator Stephen A Douglas

Bleeding Kansas

Gun battles between organised militias of pro vs anti-slavery southerners

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery people who came from Missouri, a slave state

Free State Militia

Anti-slavery people who fought for a free Kansas

Reverend Henry Warn Beecher

NYC pulpit, who shipped out massive crates of “Bibles” that secretly carried breech-loading rifles t help the free state settlers

The Sacking of Lawrence, Kansas

The DeFacto anti-slavery capital of Kansas, and the border ruffians destroyed the Free State Hotel

The Sumner-Brooks Affair. May 22, 1856

• Brooks is angry with Sumner for insulting the South by calling slavery their mistress’

• Brooks rejecting having a duel with him, then at the next congress meeting he begins to beat him with a cane

• Sumner was out of physical commissions

• Brooks resigned, then his state elected him again

Senator Charles Sumner

The crime against Kansas writing and avid abolitionist

Representative Preston Brooks

Democrat who said he would not duel a social inferior

John Brown

Connecticut born man who was a feverent abolitionist and religious man.

Becomes a captain in the Free State Militia and led the Pottawatomie massacre

Pottawatomie Massacre

A group of abolitionist went to Pottawatomie creek then dragged out 5 men and killed them with broad swordsT

Tragic Prelude 1940

43–59 min

Election of 1856

There is a power vacuum trying to pick up the pieces of the Whigs: Republican, an anti slavery or free soil party. #1 party principal is no more slave sates so it does not spread. Abolitionist wanted to get rid of

First candidate of the republicans

John C Fremont

American party

“Know nothing’s” party who were anti-immigration of Europeans coming into America

Winner of Election of1856

James Bucanan

The Lecompton Constitution

Buchanan bends over backwards to make the slave states happy and recognises the pro-slavery capital of Kansas and makes it the leading capital and government. It makes it a crime to criticise the institution of slavery, and results in the presidents and democrats.

What happened to Kansas voting for Buchanan presidency

100% voter turnout, which was impossible

The Dred Scott Case also known as:

Scott v Standford

Background of Dred Scott

Man was brought around with his doctor, who was a master, mostly in free states and territories. Past owners helped him sue the U.S. for freedom due to being brought to those places

Dred Scott v. Stanford judge

Rodger B Taney, a Jeffersonian

Dred Scott v. Stanford ruling

• He will not be freed and:

• Persons of African descent cannot be citizens in the U.S.

• Congress cannot ban slavery in the territories, claiming the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

• Due process clause of the 5th amendment prohibits the federal government from freeing slaves brought into federal territories, aka you can bring your property

Quote from Roger B Taney

“They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”

Stephen A. Douglas, quote

“The courts are the tribunals prescribed by the Constitution and created by the authority of the people to determine, expound, and enforce the law. Hence, whoever resists the final decision of the highest judicial tribunal, aims a deadly blow to our whole Republican system of government—a blow, which if successful would place all our rights and liberties at the mercy of passion, anarchy, and violence.”

Lincoln’s Divided house speech

“Put that and that together, and we have another nice little niche, which we may, ere long, see filled with another Supreme Court decision, declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a state to exclude slavery from its limits… We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their State free, and we shall awake to the reality instead that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave state.”

Frederick Douglass, quote

“In conclusion, let me say, all I ask of the American people is, that they live up to their Constitution, adopt its principles, imbibe its spirit, and enforce its provisions. When this is done, the wounds of my bleeding people will be healed, the chain will no longer rust on their angles, their backs will no longer be torn by the bloody lash, and liberty, the glorious birthright of our common humanity, will become the inheritance of all the inhabitants of this highly favoured country.”

The Lincoln-Douglas debates

Illinois U.S. Senate state race explaining their points to the other. One talks for an hour straight, then Candidate B rebottles for 30 min after speaking for an hour. Very informal, outdoor debates of people yelling, cheering, and heckling.

Unique concept of Illinois in the 1850s

The north and south represented the United States at the time

Harpers Ferry, VA

Where was Harpers Ferry Raid

John Brown’s motives

He wanted to give enslaved people weapons and reason to start a guerilla war, and help them free themselves

Harpers Ferry Raid

John Brown gave white and black men weapons and took over the federal armoury. Robert E. Lee sends the marines to break open the doors and many of Brown’s men were killed r captured, then hung.

John Brown’s Raid

• 10 raiders killed

• 7 captured and executed

• 5 escaped

• 6 civilians killed, 9 wounded

• 1 US marine morally wounded

John brown quote

“I’m now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.

Election of 1860 parties

Republican, Southern democrat, constitutional union, and democratic

Issue with the Democratic Party in the election of 1860

They were split into two parties

What were the two parties, the democrats split into

southern democrat and democrats

South Carolina secedes

Between the electoral victory and inauguration speech, seven states succeed, and four more following Lincoln

Bombardment of Fort Sumter precursor

A man-made island in Charleston harbour occupied by the United States. South Carolinians tried to kick off U.S. troops, and Lincoln tried to resupply them due to them being on an island.

Bombardment of Fort Sumter

South Carolinians fired at the 5 sided brick fort and after 36 hours, the Fort surrendered with no casualties, starting the U.S. Civil War

Lincoln’s official position on the Confederacy

They’re a rebellion and are still a part of the United States

Which southern areas had little to no slave ownership

Mountainous areas, typically against slavery. Especially, for the Union

Which southern areas had extreme slave ownership

Higher slave owning areas, such as fields or forest areas who were pro-slavery and for the confederacy

Confederacy capital

Richmond, VA

President of Confederacy

Jefferson Davis

General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

• Blockade the confederate coast

• Seize control of Mississippi River

• Cut off the trade from international

First Battle of Bull Run is also called

First Battle of Manassas

Label of the first battle of the civil war (confederacy)

It was called the First Battle of Manassas

Issue with uniforms from the Civil War

The armies were compromised of volunteers from the different states, therefore the uniforms were not in sync causing confusion and sometimes infighting

Battle of Bull run/ Manassas conclusion

Union defeat // Confederate victory

The Western Theatre

• Wide front

• Appalachians and Mississippi River

• Rivers are north/south, perfect for invading Union armies and navy

• Effective US generals vs. poor and/or dysfunctional CS generals

• Majority of Union victories

The Eastern Theatre

• Narrow front

• Chesapeake Bay and Appalachians

• Rivers are east/west (cannot go north/south)

• Effective CS generals vs poor and/or dysfunctional US generals

Battle of Fort Donelson

Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, where Ulysses surrounds them then leads to union victory

Battle of Shiloh, April 1862

The first day was horrible for the Union, and the second was successful, leading into the union victory. Grant’s victory meant the Confederates could not stop him driving further into the South .

Battle of Shiloh outcome

Union victory // Confederate loss

Most deaths in battle in the U.S.

Battle of Shiloh

Key leaders in Peninsula Campaign

George McClellan & Robert E. Lee

The Peninsula Campaign, March–July 1862

Lee replaced the former Confederate general and advances on and capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, via the Virginia Peninsula situated between the James and York rivers. Turns it into an invasion of Maryland or the North

Types of democrats during the Civil War

War democrats & Peace democrats

Battle of Antietam, September 1862

Fought in the cornfield in Texas, and Burnsides bridge. Union troops gained ground, but confederates would not back down, and the bloodiest day in American history. After securing a union victory, Antietam one of the key turning points of the American Civil War, allowing Abraham Lincoln to deliver his emancipation speech, shifting the tone for the Civil War.

Battle of Antietam outcome

union victory // confederate defeat

Turning point of the American Civil War

Battle of Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation

Abe Lincoln decides to fully ban slavery and issues a decree to free enslaved people in Southern parts of the U.S.

Candidates view of Emancipation

Told Lincoln to wait to announce it until the union was winning and gave the confederacy until the near year to surrender

How the confederacy used slave labour

Dig trenches, fight in the war, create weapons,

Which states does the emancipation proclamation not apply to?

Bordering states may keep their slaves because they are loyal to the United States and should not be “punished” like the rebel south

United States Coloured Troops (USCT)

Allowed US black male volunteers allowed to join these regiments and were known to be the fiercest fighters due to their goals being for themselves and their people. Threatened and treated worse than typical prisoners

Amount of men in the USCT

175 regiments and about 179 thousand soldiers

1970s rumour of confederacy

The confederacy wasn’t fighting for slavery due to having black soldiers and creating scandals from schools who will enforce confederate propaganda, creating a generation of people rewriting history