Unit 9:Solutions

Mixture

A combination of two or more pure substances (include elements and molecules)

Heterogeneous mixture means the composition is ________ throughout

different

Homogeneous mixture means that the composition is the _________ throughout

same

Solutions are _______ mixtures

homogeneous

Solute

the substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

is the one doing the dissolving.

Characteristics of Solutions

-homogeneous

-solute will not settle out of solution

-cannot be separated by filtering

-solute particles cannot be seen

-the solution has different properties than the solute and the solvent

-the solution is considered to be one physical state of matter

-not all substances can combine to form a solution

Can separate a solution by:

-evaporation:Heating the solution until the solvent evaporates leaving behind solid solute

-distillation: Separates a liquid from an aqueous solution or a solution made up of two liquids

-chromatography: used to identify chemicals in foods or inks

A graduated cylinder is used to:

meausre volume of a liquid or solution

Erlenmeyer flask and a beaker are used to:

hold liquids and mix chemicals

Volumetric flasks are used to:

make solutions and perform dilutions

solutions are considered ________ but can be made up of __________

one state of matter; any combination of states of matter

solubility refers to a

solute’s ability to be dissolved by the solvent

A substance is soluble if…

it is able to be dissolved in a given solvent

A substance is said to be insoluble if…

it stays in its original state in the solvent (doesn’t dissolve)

Liquids that dissolve in another are called ________

miscible

liquids that do not dissolve in one another are called _________

immiscible

Polar means having _______

opposite ends

Polar substances include…

ionic compounds acids, and polar covalent compounds

Nonpolar substances include…

nonpolar covalent molecules, and diatomic molecules

Water is a _______ meaning it can dissolve most substances

universal solvent

Dissociation

seperation of solute molecules and spreading of solute through solution

Ionic solutes dissociate into ___ and _____ ______ separate into molecules

ions; covalent solutes

Solvation

the process of the solvent attracting and surrounding molecules or ions of a solute

Rate of dissolution is how…

quickly something dissolves

4 factors to affect the rate of dissolving;

-surface area

=agitation

-temperature

-pressure

concentration

amount of solute on a solution

Limited amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solution…

saturation limit

saturation limit changes when ______ and ________

temperature; pressure

A solution is at is ________ if the solution as its _________ concentration for the given temperature and pressure

saturated; maximum

saturated solutions usually have ________

excess solid at the bottom