CH 6: Communication for Various Purposes

Oliver Schinkte

Stated that communication is a critical part of our daily lives, and it is something that we often overlook and fail to practice.

(1) communication (2) skill

Although (1) ____ is an innate (2) ____ that is subconsciously learned and used, this (2) ____ needs to be enhanced in order to attain a strong foundation of your communication ability.

basic skills

In the aspect of communication, there are ____ ____ that help form the foundations of our more advanced communication skills.

If these are missing, it is unlikely that more advanced communication can develop.

1. Know your purpose

2. Know your audience

3. Organize your ideas

4. Follow basic communication principles

4 Communication Fundamentals

Know your purpose

One of the 4 communication fundamentals

Why are you speaking?

You need to have a specific aim in mind. A purpose is an exact statement of what you want your audience to understand, to do, or to believe. You may want to entertain, inform, or persuade your audience.

Know your audience

One of the 4 communication fundamentals

To whom will you speak?

As a communicator it is important that you need to analyze, cater, and respect the needs of your audience.

Organize your Ideas

One of the 4 communication fundamentals

How will you put your ideas together?

Create an outline to diagram how your communication will be organized. Your outline should help you ensure that you don't omit any vital information.

Follow basic communication principles

One of the 4 communication fundamentals

How will you be an effective communicator?

Master the principles of clarity in presenting your ideas, use familiar words in communicating your thoughts, and be an active participant in the entire communication process.

Tony Robbins

Quoted “To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others."

Language

A system of symbols in communicating, which can either be written or spoken.

Communication

Considered as one of the basic activities of human beings, which may be used for varied purposes.

Can be informative, affective, imaginative, persuasive, and ritualistic.

Informative, Affective, Imaginative, Persuasive, Ritualistic

5 Ways Communication can Be

Informative Communication

One of the ways communication can be

Pertains to the presentation of messages that are objective, truthful, and unbiased.

Affective Communication

One of the ways communication can be

Takes place when people express their positive and negative feelings about people, circumstances, or events.

Imaginative Communication

One of the ways communication can be

People who engage this communication are those who express their appreciation on fictional messages from books, films, and conversation.

Persuasive Communication

One of the ways communication can be

Takes place when people attempt to influence the beliefs or actions of others

Ritualistic Communication

One of the ways communication can be

Done when people are able to meet social expectations

(1) Communication

(1) ___ is a part of everyone's life; people from every walks of life do this.

creative

Humans are ____ beings, and they know how to communicate in various and creative ways through verbal, non- verbal, linguistic, or non-linguistic cues.

Inform, Evoke, Entertain, Argue, Persuade

5 Purposes of Communication

Inform

One of the purposes of communication

To impart knowledge, to clarify information, and to secure understanding.

Evoke

One of the purposes of communication

Means to rely on passion and controversy to make a point.

Evocative

____ communication centers on controversial topics that typically use emotion to make a point.

Evocative

____ communicators must show a lot of enthusiasm and concern for the topic and must use personal experience to draw the audience. Using government research, statistics and data can all help make their topics more believable and more engaging.

Entertain

One of the purposes of communication

Transmit a feeling of pleasure and goodwill to the audience.

The communicator is considered gracious, genial, good-natured, relaxed, and demonstrates to his or her listeners the pleasant job of speaking to them.

Argue

One of the purposes of communication

Is to persuade, to assent to the plausibility of the communicator's side of a debatable question.

The speaker's purpose is to appeal to the intellect of his or her listeners so that they will be convinced.

Persuade

One of the purposes of communication

Move the listeners to action.

The communicator should demolish the listener's objection, and prove the acceptability of his or her argument or position

1. Informative Speech

2. Persuasive Speech

3. Argumentative Speech

3 Kinds of Speech according to Purpose

Informative Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to purpose

According to Osborn and Osborn (1988) this gives rather than asks or takes.

The demands on the audience are low, as the listeners are asked to attend, to comprehend, to understand, to assimilate, but not to change their beliefs and behaviors.

Persuasive Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to purpose

Gronbeck (1994) explains that this is the process of producing oral messages that increase personal commitment, modify beliefs, attitudes, or values.

Argumentative Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to purpose

Speech that aims to persuade the audience to assent to the plausibility of the speaker's side of a debatable question.

1. Read Speech

2. Memorized Speech

3. Impromptu Speech

4. Extemporaneous Speech

4 Kinds of Speech according to Delivery

Read Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to delivery

Reading from a manuscript is a manner of speaking where a written speech is read and delivered word for word.

Memorized Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to delivery

This is a written speech which is mastered and delivered entirely from memory.

This kind of speech requires the speaker a considerable memory skill in order not to forget his or her presentation.

Impromptu Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to delivery

This is a speech where the speaker develops his or her ideas, thoughts, and language at the moment of delivery.

Extemporaneous Speech

One of the kinds of speech according to delivery

This is a speech where the topics or ideas are prepared beforehand; however, the speaker will compose his or her views and language only at the moment of delivery.

Jim Rohn

Quotes "Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication skills, so that when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the clarity, and the emotions ot affect other people".

Sprout, Driscoll, Brizee

According to these three theorists, stated there is no one singular rhetorical situation that applies to all instances of communication.

Johnson-Sheehan & Paine

Authors of Writing Today

Rhetorical Situations

According to Johnson-Sheehan & Paine's Writing Today, an awareness of what can help in both composition and analysis?

Speaking & writing words

Examples of explicit language

Tone or eye contact

Examples of implicit message

Miller & Webb

Who identified the rhetorical situation which includes: author, audience, purpose, topic, and occasion?

Rhetorical Situation

What did Miller & Webb identify?

Author, Audience, Purpose, Topic, Occasion

5 Parts of the Rhetorical Situation

Author

One of the parts of rhetorical situation

Consider your needs as this:

• work habits

• style

• environment

Knowing your style and being able to edit and adjust to a particular situation is essential to effective communication.

Work Habits, Style, Environment

3 Needs as an Author

Audience

One of the parts of rhetorical situation

a. The level of formality and intimacy are determined by this, the recipients of communication.

b. Different recipients:

• friend/classmates (personal, informal, jargon, slang)

• professionals (professional tone, formal language)

Purpose

One of the parts of rhetorical situation

Identify the __ why you communicate, is it to:

• Inform

• Persuade

• Convince

• Entertain

Topic

One of the parts of rhetorical situation

a. This is a specific area of a particular subject that you choose to communicate.

b. This should be clearly revealed to your audience.

Occasion

One of the parts of rhetorical situation

a. This is one of the circumstances prompting a communication.

b. There should be formality, purpose, and tone in an ___.

Rhetoric

In the classical tradition, the art of public speaking is called what?

Rhetorical Situation

The circumstances in which you give your speech or presentation

(1) transition (2) your viewpoint

By understanding the rhetorical situation, you can gauge the best ways to reach your listeners and get your points across. In so doing, you'll make the (1) ____ from (2) ___ ___ to that of your audience members.

(1) audience

The (1) ____ gives you the space and time as a speaker to fulfill your role and, hopefully, their expectations. Just as a group makes a leader, an (1) ____ makes a speaker.

“Other-Orientation”

Key to success as an effective speaker

By looking to your audience, you shift your attention from an internal focus (you) to an external (them/others) emphasis