Inorganic chem 2

Law of conservation of energy/matter

States that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Chemical reactions

Processes that transform matter into new substances.

Chemical bonding

Links atoms together to create new compounds or molecules with different properties.

NaCl

Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt.

Ionic bonds

Bonds formed through the attraction of opposite electrical charges, where one atom donates electrons to another.

Ions

Atoms that have an electrical charge due to the gain or loss of electrons.

Cations

Positively charged ions that lose electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions that gain electrons.

Electrolytes

Cations and anions dissolved in water that help with nerve impulse conduction and muscle contractions.

Covalent bonds

Bonds formed by the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.

Non-polar covalent bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Polar covalent bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges.

Hydrogen bonds

Weak interactions that occur between polar covalent molecules due to partial charges.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Hydrophilic molecules

Molecules that are attracted to water and dissolve easily in it.

Hydrophobic molecules

Molecules that are repelled by water and do not dissolve.

Cohesion

Attraction between like molecules, such as water molecules.

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules, such as water and other polar substances.

High specific heat of water

Water's ability to absorb and retain heat, changing temperature slowly.

High heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required to convert water from liquid to vapor, due to hydrogen bonds.

Surface tension

The elastic-like force existing in the upper layers of a fluid, caused by cohesion.

Capillary action

The ability of water to flow in narrow spaces against gravity, due to adhesion and cohesion.