Introduction to Cells and Cell Functions

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts and details related to cell structure and function, differences between cell types, blood types, and signaling processes.

Apa unit dasar kehidupan menurut teori sel?

Sel adalah unit dasar kehidupan

Rentang ukuran umum sel itu berapa?

Sel biasanya memiliki ukuran antara 1 hingga 100 mikrometer.

Apa perbedaan utama antara sel prokariotik dan eukariotik?

Sel prokariotik tidak memiliki inti sejati, sedangkan sel eukariotik memiliki inti yang dikelilingi membran.

Organisme apa yang diklasifikasikan sebagai prokariotik?

Bakteri dan arkea diklasifikasikan sebagai prokariotik

What are the main functions of eukaryotic cells?

Genetic control, production and distribution, energy processing, structural support and movement, intercellular communication.

What organelle is responsible for genetic control in eukaryotic cells?

The nucleus.

How do lysosomes function within a cell?

Lysosomes digest and recycle cellular components.

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration.

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

What distinguishes rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER does not.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

What is the structure and function of vacuoles in plant cells?

Vacuoles store substances and maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

What is the significance of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, converting sunlight into glucose.

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, facilitates movement, and organizes cellular components.

What are cell junctions?

Structures that connect cells for structural integrity and communication.

What is the extracellular matrix?

The ECM is a network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural support to cells.

How do tight junctions function in epithelial cells?

Tight junctions prevent the passage of materials between cells.

What is the difference between epitope A and B in blood groups?

Epitope A is recognized by antibody anti-B, and epitope B is recognized by antibody anti-A.

What characterizes blood group AB?

Blood group AB has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no antibodies in plasma.

What is unique about blood group O?

Blood group O has no antigens on red blood cells, making it a universal donor.

What is the principle of cell signaling?

Cell signaling is the process through which cells communicate and respond to their environment.

What are the three basic stages of cell signaling?

Reception, transduction, and response.

How does the response phase of cell signaling work?

The response involves specific actions from the cell, such as gene expression changes or enzyme production.

What happens during Alzheimer's disease in relation to cell signaling?

Protein accumulations disrupt signaling processes, affecting memory and brain function.

What is the effect of signaling abnormalities in ataxia?

Ataxia disrupts motor signal transmission to muscles, causing uncoordinated movements.

What are the structures that make up the endomembrane system?

The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.

What types of molecules do lysosomes break down?

Lysosomes break down macromolecules, damaged organelles, and foreign substances.

How do mitochondria and chloroplasts compare in terms of function?

Mitochondria are involved in energy production via respiration, while chloroplasts are involved in energy production via photosynthesis.

What is the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

The nucleolus is responsible for synthesizing ribosomal subunits.

How does the presence of ribosomes on rough ER impact its function?

The presence of ribosomes allows rough ER to synthesize and process proteins for secretion or membrane insertion.

What cellular structure provides strength and support in animal tissues?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support to tissues.

What is a significant characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

What is the importance of cell communication in maintaining homeostasis?

Cell communication allows cells to coordinate their activities, ensuring balance within the organism.

Why are glycoproteins significant in the cell membrane?

Glycoproteins serve as recognition sites for other cells, playing a key role in cell signaling and interaction.

What distinguishes a contractile vacuole from a central vacuole?

A contractile vacuole expels excess water in protists, while a central vacuole maintains turgor pressure in plant cells.