Review Flashcards on Social Development, Cognitive Development, Ecological Systems, and Parenting Styles

Flashcards reviewing Erik Erikson's stages of social development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and various parenting styles.

Trust vs. Mistrust

When infants are raised with a trusting caregiver they will see the world as a safe and accepting place; infants raised with unresponsive caregivers will engender feelings of anxiety and mistrust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A stage when a child begins to have a sense of independence and learns they can control their actions; developing a sense of independence versus shame and doubt when restricted.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Occurs when parents allow a child to explore within limits and support the child’s choice versus developing feelings of guilt when initiative is not supported.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Children begin to compare themselves to their peers to develop self-confidence in their abilities, versus a sense of inferiority when they struggle.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescents' main task is to develop a sense of self; success leads to a strong sense of identity, failure leads to role confusion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults may struggle to develop and maintain relationships if they don't develop a positive self-concept; healthy relationships vs. fear of opening up and isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation through caring for others and making meaningful contributions versus feeling stagnant and not leaving a meaningful mark.

Integrity vs. Despair

Period where people reflect on their life and either feel proud of their accomplishments or feel a sense of despair for not doing enough.

Sensorimotor (Babies)

Development of basic motor skills and learning how to interact with things, including reflexes, coordination, and thought.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, develops gradually during the sensorimotor stage.

Egocentrism

The inability to take others’ perspectives and the belief that others see the world the same way.

Pre-operational

Children develop language and symbolic thinking but are still limited by egocentrism.

Symbolic Thought/Animism

Allows children to represent objects and ideas through words, gestures, and symbols.

Reversibility

A child learns that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state.

Conservation

The knowledge that quantity remains constant despite changes in appearance.

Concrete Operational

Children develop logical reasoning abilities but are still limited to thinking about concrete tangible objects.

Classification

Grouping objects based on shared characteristics.

Formal Operational

Adolescents develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and metacognition

Abstract Thinking

Philosophical and moral reasoning with multiple perspectives.

Hypothetical Reasoning

Test hypotheses and draw conclusions based on logic.

Metacognition

Becoming self-aware and self-reflective.

Microsystem

Immediate environments, such as family, school, or peers that affect you

Mesosystem

Relationships between microsystems, e.g., family relates to school experience.

Exosystem

System of indirect influences; things that influence the child but the child cannot change it.

Macrosystem

Actual culture of an individual; social norms, gender roles, etc.

Chronosystem

Adds the dimension of time and includes the shifts in one’s lifespan

Authoritative Parenting Style

Combination of warmth and flexibility while making it clear that parents are in charge; children tend to be confident, responsible, and emotionally mature.

Permissive Parenting Style

Being their child’s best friend, warm and open communication, actively involved in their child’s emotional well-being, low expectations and not much use of discipline; children tend to have good self-esteem and social skills but can be impulsive.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Using strict rules and high standards, not flexible; children tend to be good at following instructions and behave well but may fear punishment, lack decision-making skills, and have poor social skills.

Neglectful Parenting Style

Fulfilling basic needs, paying low attention to the child, minimal nurturing, few expectations and limits; children tend to be resilient and self-sufficient but have trouble controlling emotions, difficulty maintaining social relations, and low self-esteem.