Introduction to Pathophysiology

What is pathophysiology?

The study of what happens when normal anatomy and physiology are altered, often due to disease or injury.

Why is pathophysiology important in nursing?

It explains the “why” behind patient symptoms, supports clinical reasoning, and informs evidence-based, patient-centered care.

How does the WHO define health?

A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

What are types of disease etiologies?

Hereditary, congenital, developmental, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, neoplastic.

What does idiopathic mean?

The cause is unknown.

What does iatrogenic mean?

Caused unintentionally by medical treatment.

What is a syndrome?

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together.

What does pathogenesis mean?

The process by which a disease develops.

What is the difference between acute and chronic disease?

Acute is short-term and resolves quickly; chronic persists over time and may be lifelong or manageable.

What are manifestations?

Clinical signs or evidence of disease.

What is homeostasis?

The body’s internal equilibrium, balance, and stability. The body is self-regulating to respond to minor changes with compensatory mechanisms.

What is negative feedback?

A response that counteracts the original stimulus (e.g., blood sugar regluation).

What is positive feedback?

A response that enhances the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth).