Hierarchy and orientation of body

Hierarchy of the human body General orientation of the human body Anatomical position Anatomical planes Directional terms Body regions Body cavities

Anatomy is based on form and includes

Scientific name, location, relation and association to other structures.

How do we study Anatomy?

Observations

Palpitation

What does it feel like using sense of touch?

Percussion

Uses sense of touch and feeling to detemine location and density

Auscultation

Using hearing, what does it sound like

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures we can see with the naked eye

Histology or microanatomy

Study of structures and microscope or cellular level using a microscope

Structural hierarchy from biggest to smallest

Human Body

Organ System

Organ

Tissue

Cellular

Organelles

Macromolecules

Molecule

Atoms

Structural Hierarchy acronym

HOOTCOMMA

Anatomical Position

Feet flat

Arms at side

Palms face forward

Eyes and face forward

Standing upright

Anatomical position acronym

FAPES

Why do we use anatomical position?

Provides a universal framework and reference when talking about location

Ventral

Towards the front or belly

Dorsal

Toward the back or spine

Anterior

Toward the ventral side

Posterior

Towards the dorsal side

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Towards the medial plane

Lateral

Away from the medial plane

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Superficial

Closer to the body surface

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Directional terms allow us to

describe the location of one structure in relation to another with in anatomical position

Anatomical Planes

Frontal, Sagittal, transverse

Frontal Plane

Cuts body into front and back

Sagittal

Cuts body into left and right

Transverse

Divides body into upper and lower

Axial Region includes

Head, neck, and trunk

Trunk is

above diaphragm

Abdomen is

below diaphragm

Appendicular region includes

upper and lower Limbs

Upper limbs include

Brachium, antebrachium, wrist, hand, and digits

Brachium

Arm

Antebrachium

Forearm

Lower limbs include

Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes

Two primary cavities

Posterior and Anterior

Posterior secondary body cavities include

the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

The cranial cavity houses the

Brain

The vertebral canal houses the

spinal cord

The anterior cavity includes the secondary cavities with are

the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

The thoracic cavity includes 3 cavities:

The pleural cavity, the pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum

The abdominopelvic cavity includes 2 cavities:

The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

The abdominal cavity houses

the digestive organs, the spleen, and the kidneys

the pelvic cavity houses

the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

the pleural cavity houses

the lungs

the pericardial cavity houses

the heart

the mediastinum contains

the the esophagus, trachea, and heart

These membranesthe have double layers of membrane

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

A parietal layer

lines a cavity

A visceral layer

lines an organ

Membranes function:s

secrete lubricating fluid

Some important reasons to know cavities and membranes:

Can be common site of infection or inflammation accumulation of fluid can compress organs