Studied by 3 peoplePhotosynthesis
Energy from the Sun is used to combine the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide and the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water into the carbohydrate glucose.
respiration
In the body, glucose is oxidized in ______.
Respiration
A series of metabolic reactions which releases chemical energy to do work in cells.
Carbon Cycle
The combination of photosynthesis and respiration, in which energy from the Sun is stored in plants by photosynthesis and made available to us when the carbohydrates in our diets are metabolized.
Monosaccharides
The simplest carbohydrate.
These cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates.
These have chains of three to eight carbon atoms, one in a carbonyl group and all the others attached to hydroxyl groups.
Aldopentose
A five-carbon monosaccharide that is an aldehyde.
Ketohexose
A six-carbon monosaccharide that is a ketone.
Disaccharides
These consist of two monosaccharide units joined together, which can be split into two monosaccharide units.
Polysaccharides
These are carbohydrates that contain many polymers.
Stereoisomers
The atoms are bonded in the same sequence but differ in the way they are arranged in space.
non-superimposable
When the mirror images of organic molecules cannot be completely matched, they are ______.
chiral
Objects such as hands that have non-superimposable mirror images are ____
achiral
When the mirror image of an object is identical and can be superimposed on the original, it is ______.
Chiral Carbon
A carbon compound is chiral if it has at least one carbon atom bonded to four different atoms or groups.
Enantiomers
When stereoisomers cannot be superimposed.
Emil Fischer
He devised a simplified system for drawing stereoisomers that shows the arrangements of the atoms around the chiral centers.
Fischer Projection
It is used to represent a three-dimensional structure of enantiomers.
project backward
Vertical lines from the Fischer projection represent _____ from a carbon atom.
project forward
Horizontal lines from the Fischer projection represent _____ from a carbon atom.
farthest
The —OH group on the chiral carbon _____ from the carbonyl group is used to determine the D or L stereoisomer.
Glucose
Also known as dextrose and blood sugar; mostly found in fruits, vegetables, corn, syrup and honey.
D-Glucose
A building block of the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose, and polysaccharides such as amylose, cellulose, and glycogen.
Galactose
An aldohexose that is obtained from the disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk and milk products.
It is important in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system.
Galactosemia
An enzyme needed to convert galactose to glucose is missing.
Fructose
A ketohexose; it is the sweetest of carbohydrates, almost twice as sweet as sucrose.
Haworth structures
These are the atoms rings produced from the reaction of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule.
Mutarotation
Each isomer converts to the open chain and back again.
aldohexose
Galactose is an ______ that differs from glucose only in the arrangement of the —OH group on carbon 4.
carboxylic acid
In an aldose, the aldehyde group can be oxidized to a ______.
hydroxyl group
The carbonyl group in both an aldose and a ketose can be reduced to give a ______.
adjacent hydroxyl
An aldehyde group with an ______ can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid by an oxidizing agent.
Reducing Sugar
A carbohydrate that reduces another substance.
alditols
The reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides produces sugar alcohols — ______.
D-Sorbitol
D-Glucose is reduced to D-glucitol.
Disaccharide
It is composed of two monosaccharides linked together.
maltose
lactose
sucrose
Three most common disaccharides
Maltose
It is obtained from starch and is found in germinating grains.
Glycosidic Bond
An ether bond that connects two monosaccharides.
Lactose
A disaccharide found in milk and milk products.
Sucrose
It consists of an ɑ-D-glucose and a β-D-fructose molecule joined by an ɑ, β-1, 2-glycosidic bond.
The glycosidic bond in sucrose is between carbon 1 of glucose and carbon 2 of fructose.
Polysaccharide
A polymer of many monosaccharides joined together.
Starch
A storage form of glucose in plants is found as insoluble granules in rice, wheat, potatoes, beans, and cereals.
Amylose
It makes up about 20% of starch, and consists of 250 to 4000 É‘-D-glucose molecules connected by É‘-1,4-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain.
Amylopectin
It makes up as much as 80% of starch, and is a branched-chain polysaccharide. The glucose molecules are connected by É‘-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Dextrins
Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acid to give smaller saccharides, which then hydrolyze to maltose and finally glucose.
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles of animals. It is hydrolyzed in our cells at a rate that maintains the blood level of glucose and provides energy between meals.
Cellulose
The major structural material of wood and plants.
The glucose molecules form a long unbranched chain similar to that of amylose.
These are linked by β-1, 4-glycosidic bond.
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