Psychology Unit 6 - Learning (Associative Learning and Cognitive Learning)

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Associative Learning

Formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses Ex: Classical and Operant Learning

Cognitive Learning

higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation Ex: Observational Learning

Antecedents

Events proceeding a response

Consequences

Effects that follow a response

Rote Learning

Learning that takes place mechanically through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules. Ex: Multiplication times tables

Discovery Learning

Learning based on insight and understanding Ex: Games

Classical Conditioning

A type of Associative Learning in which learning comes from reflex responses that are associated with new stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

A type of Associative Learning in which learning is based on the consequences of responding (voluntary behavior.)

Observational Learning

A type of Cognitive Learning in which an organism learns by modeling the actions of another.

Ivan Pavlov

Ran an experiment on dogs to showcase classical conditioning/learning. His experiment showed that dogs could learn/tell when food was coming.

Unconditioned Stimulus

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A stimulus that naturally and reliably evokes a response (EX: Food/Altoid)

Unconditioned Response

CLASSICAL CONDITIOINING The response that naturally and reliably is caused by the unconditioned stimulus (Ex: Salvation)

Neutral Stimulus

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A stimulus that does not initially cause the unconditional response (Ex: bell/noise)

Conditioned Stimulus

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A stimulus that was once neutral but through association with the Unconditioned Stimulus, now causes a response (Ex: Bell/noise)

Conditioned Response

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING After conditioning has occurred, the response that is caused by the conditioned stimulus. (Ex: Salvation)

Expectancy

An anticipation of future events/relationships

Extinction

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal & reinforcement

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

taste aversion

A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food.

Aversion therapy

Using taste aversion to treat alcohol overuse

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Ran an experiment on Little Albert to see if emotions could be conditioned such as fear. The experiment worked and made him scared of certain objects.

Flooding

A way to treat phobias by exposing people to the fear-producing stimuli until it no longer responds

Systematic desensitization

A way to treat phobias by slowly exposing a person to the fear-producing stimuli. This is done by making the phobia mixed with relaxation

Vicarious Classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning brought about by watching/observing someone else

B.F Skinner

OPERANT CONDITIONING Developed the Skinner box, which is and operant conditioning chamber

Shaping

Gradually molding a response to a final desired pattern (usually done slowly and by giving animals rewards (Ex: treats))

Reinforcer

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows (Ex: treats) (Rewards to NOT always increase responding)

Punishment

Any event that reliably decreases the probability or frequency of responses it follows (Timing, consistency, and intensity affect the effectiveness of the punishment)

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to an environment and making a certain behavior more frequent.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus to an environment and making a certain behavior more frequent.

Positive Punishment

Adding a stimulus to an environment and making a certain behavior less frequent.

Negative Punishment

Removing a stimulus to an environment and making a certain behavior less frequent.

Bandura's Experiment (Bobo Doll Experiment)

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll. In this room, it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions.

Attention

The first step of observational learning. The observer first has to pay attention to the model's behavior.

Retention in memory

The second step of observational learning. The observer has to remain a cognitive representation of the memory.

Reproduction of the behavior

The third step of observational learning. The observer must have the ability to represent the behavior

Motivation

The fourth step of observational learning. The person must want to repeat the behavior.

Mirror Neurons

Show similar levels of activity when an individual performs an actions versus them watching the action