CH 4: Tissues UWU

are collections of specialized cells and the extracellular
substances surrounding them

tissues

the composition of the noncellular substances surrounding the cells

extracellular matrix

connective tissue types (6) ppt

bone (osseous) tissue
dense connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
adipose tissue
reticular connective tissue
blood

is the microscopic study of tissues

histology

is the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes

biopsy

is a postmortem examination of the organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease

autopsy

approx after 13 or 14 days after fertilization, the embryonic stem cells that give rise to a new individual form a slightly elongated disk consisting of two layers

epiblast and hypoblast

meaning of the suffix -blast

bud or germ

3 embryonic germ layers

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

the inner layer, forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives

endoderm

the middle germ layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

mesoderm

the outer layer, forms the skin

ectoderm

a portion of the ectoderm that becomes the nervous system

neuroectoderm

groups of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm during development

neural crest cells

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

epithelial tissue or epithelium

where the cells are exposed and not attached to other cells in epithelial tissue

free or apical surface

between the cells, this surface are attached to other epithelial cells

lateral surface

base of the tissue

basal surface

is a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells

basement membrane

helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues

basement membrane

major functions of the epithelial tissue (5)

protecting underlying structures
acting as a barrier
permitting the passage of substances
secreting substances
absorbing substances

characteristics of epithelial tissues (6)

mostly composed of cells
covers body surfaces
distinct tissue surfaces
cell and matrix connections
nonvascular
regeneration

4 major types of epithelium based on number of cell layers

simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium

consists of a single layer of epithelial cells

simple epithelium

consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane

stratified epithelium

this type of epithelium appears to be stratified but is not, consists of one layer with all the cells attached to the basement membrane

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

is a special type of stratified epithelium. The shape of its cells changes from cuboidal and columnar to squamouslike when stretched

transitional epithelium

3 types of epithelium based on idealized shapes

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

cells are flat or scalelike

squamous

cells are cube-shaped about as wide as they are tall

cuboidal

cells tend to be taller than they are wide

columnar

function of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion, filtration, secretion, some protection against friction

function of cuboidal epithelium

secretion, absorption, and movement of particles

simple columnar epithelium function

secretion, absorption, and movement of particles

consists of living cells in both the deepest and superficial layers. A layer of fluid covers the superficial layers of cells, which makes them moist.

nonkeratanized

consists of living cells only in the deepest layers, while the superficial layers are composed of dead cells containing the protein keratin

keratinized

type of epithelial tissue where the cells are almost always ciliated

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

a unique type of stratified epithelium that can be found where considerable expansion occur

transitional epithelium

found in areas of the body where abrasion can occur,
such as the skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina

stratified squamous epithelium

type of cell shape that filter substances and allow diffusion

squamous

type of cell shape that secrete or absorb

cuboidal or columnar

are specialized columnar epithelial cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus.

goblet cells

microvilli found primarily in sensory structures, such as the inner ear

stereocilia

epithelium of blood vessels

endothelium

consist of adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together 

desmosomes

similar to one-half of a desmosome, attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

hold cells together and form a permeability barrier

tight junctions

It is located between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and acts as a weak glue that holds cells together

adhesion belt

is a small, specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication 

gap junction

the gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell-to-cell connections called

intercalated disks

are secretory organs

glands

Glands with ducts

exocrine glands

glands wth no ducts

endocrine glands

cellular products of endocrine glands

hormones

exocrine glands that are composed of many cells

multicellular glands

exocrine glands composed of a single cell

unicellular glands

multicellular exocrine glands classifications according to the structure of the ducts (3)

simple glands
compound glands
tubular glands

have a single, nonbranched duct

simple glands

have multiple, branched ducts

compound glands

Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules

tubular glands

classifications of glands according to their secretory regions (2)

acinar or alveolar
tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

exocrine glands classifications according to how products leave the cell (3)

merocrine secretion
apocrine secretion
holocrine secretion

involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis

merocrine secretion

glands with a combination of acinar or alveolar shaped regions

tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

Glands with secretory regions shaped in saclike structures

acinar or alveolar

involves the release of secretory products as pinched off
fragments of the gland cells

apocrine secretion

involves the shedding of entire cells for secretion

holocrine secretion

5 types of simple glands according to shape

simple tubular
simple branched tubular
simple coiled tubular
simple acinar
simple branched acinar

3 types of compound glands

compound tubular
compound acinar or alveolar
compound tubuloacinar or tuboloalveolar

tissue type that consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix

connective tissue

major functions of connective tissue (7)

(1) enclosing and separating other tissues
(2) connecting tissues to one another
(3) supporting and moving parts of the body
(4) storing compounds
(5) cushioning and insulating
(6) transporting
(7) protecting

strong cables, or bands, of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

tendons

tissue bands that holds bones together

ligament

supports structures such as the nose, ears, and joint surfaces

cartilage

specialized cells of the various connective tissues that produce the extracellular matrix

NAME?

specialized connective tissue cell that create the matrix

blasts

specialized connective tissue cell that maintain the matrix

cytes

specialized connective tissue cell that break down the matrix for remodeling

NAME?

2 main elements of the extracellular matrix

ground substance
fibers

3 types of protein fibers produced by the cells

collagen fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers

what are osseous tissues composed of? (3)

bone cells in lacunae
hard matrix of calcium salts
large numbers of collagen fibers

cavities in the bone

lacunae

3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

fibrocartilage

type of fiber found in dense connective tissue

collagen fibers

cells that forms dense connective tissue

fibroblasts

types of dense connective tissue (2)

tendon
ligaments

Most widely distributed connective tissue

areolar connective tissue

highly compressible cartilage

fibrocartilage

functions of the adipose tissue (3)

insulates the body
protects some organs
site of fuel storage

types of osseous tissue? (3)

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

matrix is the areolar tissue

adipose tissue (fat)

types of fluid connective tissue

blood
hemopoietic tissue

internal supporting network of lymphoid organs

stroma

functions as a transport vehicle for materials

blood

types of muscle tissue (3)

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily

skeletal muscle

true or false: skeletal muscle tissue have more than one nucleus

TRUE

Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body

nervous tissue

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

regeneration