AP World Chapter 1

Paleolithic

Paleolithic

The “Old Stone Age” that represents over 95% of human tunes on earth; would hunt and gather for food

Hunter gatherer societies

society that would gather wild foods, scavenge dead animals, hunt living animals, and fish; would hunt in a Wolfpack; once resources were gone, they moved to a place with better resources

Egalitarian

Lacking the many inequalities of class and gender that emerged later

Neolithic/ Agricultural Revolution

post Stone Age in Asia, Africa, and the Americas; deliberate cultivation/ domestication of plants and animals

Domestication of plants/animals

Product of agricultural revolution which replaced hunter gatherer societies; opened new possibilities for construction of human societies

Settled villages

Foundation began bc of agricultural revolution; instead of a hunter gatherer lifestyle, was a more sedentary lifestyle which had no kings/aristocrats and they formed wide spread kinships with immediate or extended family

Pastoral societies

Occurred in areas where farming was difficult (arctic, tundra, grasslands, deserts); people who depended on domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, horses, camels, or reindeer which were all useful for transport and warfare; AKA herders or nomads; moved seasonally to not use up all the resources

Chiefdoms

How agricultural societies politically organized themselves; inherited positions of power and privilege and established distinct elements of inequalities; kings, Chiefs, big man seldom use force on subjects, but relied on their generosity, giftgiving, ritual status or charisma for persuasion

First Civilizations

located in the Afro Eurasia area around Iraq in Mesopotamia and a along coast of Peru between 3500 to 3000 BCE

We’re first small islands of innovation, but soon spread into India, China western central and Southeast Asia, Europe, Highlands of Ethiopia and by 1200 most were civilizations

Societies based in cities in govern by states; product of agricultural societies because only high agricultural economies could support this type of society

Features of First Civilizations

1) urbanization – big cities, such as political capitals of hubs are generation, etc

2) generated states (government structures around cities and headed by kings, who had high ranking officials)

3) sophisticated division of labor (developed scholars, merchants, priest, and other occupations and supported by peasant farmers)

4) sizable cities

5) large architecture

Patriarchy

Man over woman/gender inequality

Environment

Civilization shaped by environment

(EXAMPLES Asian countries grew up in River valleys that provided agriculture, mountains in Greece favored rival city states, bottle neck forest and Mesoamerica separated them from the Andes)

Civilizations left an imprint on the environment; larger civilization had intense impact on land

Differences in civilizations

1) Structure and stratified

2) range/extent of influence

3) cultural and religious traditions

Hinduism

Oldest, largest, and most prominent religious tradition in India with no historical founder and very rigid class system; grew over many centuries in layers spread to Southeast Asia; vast variety of gods, spirits, beliefs, practices, rituals, and philosophy.

Upanishads

collection of sacred texts, composed by largely anonymous thinkers between 800 and 400 BCE

Brahman/ World Soul

The final ultimate reality; world soul; “everything is not real”

Atman/ souls

Beyond many gods and objects/people lay a divine reality, infusing all things; “there is no large variety” (We are all the same and illusion to see differences) ; Atman= part of brahman.

Moksha/ liberation

Chief of human mankind, then lay an effort to achieve unity with Brahman; freedom from world of individuality

comparison: bubble in glass of water breaching through the surface and becoming one with surrounding atmosphere

Samsara

To achieve Moksha: reincarnation/having multiple lives, which was central to Hinduism; human souls migrated from one body to body over many lifetimes depending on actions by individual

Karma

Better person is the more elite they would be in the next life: burden attached to soul based on previous life; set system of ranked groups each with own duties

If a person is horrible, they would be born to a life of poverty and suffering

How to achieve Moksha

Some through knowledge/study, ordinary work with no regards to consequences, or passionate devotion to some deity or through extended meditation practices

Ascetics

( Also known as wandering holy men) withdrew ordinary life to pursue spiritual development; they would sleep on rocks and cause physical pain all for the achievement of holiness

Siddharta Gautama/ Buddha

The founder of Buddhism; prince from small kingdom in northern India or southern Nepal, who enjoyed a sheltered and Ddelightful youth until he encountered an Old man, sick person in corpse; shattered by revelation of aging illness and death, he was determined to find cause in remedy for these three sufferings

At 29 He left his luxury wife, child, royal jewels, cut off his hair and set on quest of enlightenment that ended with undescribable experience of spiritual revelation which made him Buddha

Four Noble Truths

1)suffering is feature of human life (birth, death, etc.)

2) suffering derived from desire or craving for ego/self

3) you end suffering by eliminating desire

4) through eight full path, you removed desire

Eightfold Path

The fourth noble truth, which emphasize modest and moral lifestyle mental concentration practice

1)understanding of the four noble truths

2)The right thought

3)right speech

4)right action

5)right livelihood

6) right effort

7)right mindfulness

8)right concentration

Nirvana/ Enlightenment

Achieved through the eight fold path; indescribable state in which ego is extinguished along with greed, hatred, and delusion; state of letting go; person would experience serenity in midst of difficulty and loving kindness for all things

Buddhism similarities with Hinduism

ordinary life is an illusion, karma and rebirth, goal of overcoming ego, meditation, hope for final release post deatH

Buddhism differences with Hinduism

1) buddha rejected religious authority of Brahims

2) buddha rejected/ridiculed sacrifices as irrelevant to one’s suffering

3) buddha was not interested in abstract speculation about world creating or God

4) buddha challenge the inequalities of the ranks system arguing gender or rank in society was not a barrier to enlightenment

Spread of Buddhism

Spread through trade routes of central Asia to China, Japan, and southeast Asia

Theravada Buddhism

Early version of new understanding/religion of Buddhism; portrayed Buddha as immensely wise teacher/model, but not divine; NEVER BECAME VERY POPULAR

Mahayana Buddhism

Adapted from Theravada Buddhism (as Buddhism game a large following the regular time, consuming meditation, focus of priests and nuns who were withdrawn from ordinary life, in the absence of supernatural figure proved difficult for converts)

located in Central Asia, China, Japanese Korea, Southeast Asia, and made Buddhism first Major traditions to spread wildly.

Offered greater accessibility, spiritual path, available to ride range of people besides monks and ascetics; enlightenment/becoming Buddha was open to everyone through context of ordinary life, rather than monastery and this could occur in one life; enlightenment to be achieved through piety acts and devotion, and this could be transferred to others

put emphasis on compassion while traditional Buddhism put emphasis on premium, spiritual wisdom

Buddha became some thing of a god in both earlier in future Buddhas available to offer help

Bhakti Movement

New kind of Hinduism, which involved devotion of one or another of India’s many gods are goddesses; begun in south India and moved north between 600-1300; featured intense, adoration, and identification, with particular deity through songs prayers and rituals; most popular deities are Vishnu/protector of creation who is associated with Mercy and goodness and Shiva

Most important reason for the decline of Buddhism

this form of Hindu expression pushed against the rigid cast and gender system of Indian societies by inviting all to adoration; Krishna (incarnate of Vishnu) declared “those who take shelter and me, though they be of lower birth, women, merchants, and workers can attain supreme destination”

More accessible to normal people than the elaborate sacrifice of Brahim or philosophical speculations of intellectuals; through good deeds, simple, living and emotionally fulfilling rituals of devotion individuals could find salvation

Had rich poetic tradition which flourishes after 1200

Had very little friction with Hinduism; hatred extended to an already declining Buddhism, which had become another cult to people worshiping yet another God

Buddha was incorporated into Hindu pantheon as ninth incarceration of Vishnu

Age of Warring States (500-221 BC)

Period of Chinese states at war with each other philosopher sought order in centuries of turmoil

Confucious

Learned/ambitious aristocrat, whose ideas emerged the classical tradition of Chinese culture; believed he found a path to social+ political harmony

His writings were compiled into Analects

Analects

Book of Confucious’ writings

Hierarchy

Unequal relationships; one above another in a caste system; if the more dominant was benevolent, inferior party would be respectful and obedient

Moral Example of Hierarchy

1)ruler and subject

2)Father and son

3)husband and wife

4) older brother and younger brother

Filial Piety

Honoring of one’s ancestors and parents was valuable in itself for training of reverence to political officials

Model for political life if achieved, then harmony could be achieved; men or dominant over woman, but still had to treat them with respect and kindness to not disrupt harmony

Education

Key to nurture and good moral qualities; education in history, language, literature, philosophy, which all applied to problems and government; necessary for government position, along with moral character

Only rich people could afford besides a rare villager who got a good sponsor for their son

Rites

Rituals

Usually, there was a whole ministry, dedicated to each ritual, doesn’t rule out gods; way of maintaining harmony with heaven

Han Dynasty (206 BC- 220 AD)

China’s bureaucracy took shape during this time, and Confucius became central element of education system where students were prepped for official positions

Emperor Duties

Keep taxes low, administer justice, provide needs for people (traditional good behaviors)

those who failed to achieve these duties forfeited the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven

Granted right to be a ruler

Natural disaster, famine, or rebellion caused tonal political appeal

At level of family, husband, deal, kindly with family to not provoke conflict

Secular(ish)

Nonreligious, defined confusion culture

Confucius didn’t deny God/spirits, but his teachings were rooted in this worldly and very practical lies Esthie

Believe universe had moral character that humans should align themselves with

Acknowledge God, etc. were necessary for low orders of society, but scholars did not find them useful for moral improvement and establishing harmony

Spread of confucionism

Spread through elites in eastern Asia(Korea, Vietnam, Japan) those societies drew heavily on culture of their giant and prestigious neighbors

daoism, Laozi, Daodejing

Associated with the legendary figure Lazo, who was a sixth century BCE archivist who is said to a pen, the Daodejing, a short poetic volume

after he vanished in western China on his water, buffalo; a very wise man

Natural/ spontaneous withdrawal

Daoists urge withdrawals into world of nature and spontaneous/individual in natural behavior

Dao

The Way

Elusive notation that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle governance, all natural phenomena

Focused on relation of nature and its patterns

Confusion= society, but LAOZI= everything beyond

Despite differences with confusion, elites viewed Daoism and confusionism as complementary

Yin+ Yang

Male and female; belief in unity of opposite; natural order of things

Politician may rule with a Confucius mindset, but once he retired changed to a Daoist lifestyle

Popular Daoism

Keen to share culture of ordinary people, as it became part of Chinese popular religion

Sought to use Dao for practical reasons

including magic, fortune, telling and search for immortality

Provided ideology for peasants and became blessing element of Chinese cultural tradition

Judaism

Earliest to Abraham faith, which was born among one of the smaller and less significant peoples of the Middle Eastern lands: the Hebrews

Abraham

Patriarch of Jewish people; founder/key figure in Christianity, Judaism and Islam

Made covenant with God, who promised his descendants the promised land

The promised land

Land promised to Abraham for his descendants; Modern day Middle East

Yahweh

God and Judaism; name was so sacred that they are not supposed to say his name

Jealous God

Demanding soul worship and loyalty

First commandment

Monotheism

Believe in one job; due hasn’t helped establish

There are other false gods, but only worship one

Christianity

Believe that Jesus is both god man; began in distinctly Jewish cultural society

Jesus

A Jewish carpenter who began brief career of teaching plus healing before local authority, crucified him; basis of Christianity

Wisdom teacher

what Jesus was; challenging conventional views of that time; urge pronunciation of wealth and love/compassion= basis for moral life

Sermon on the Mount

Jesus told followers “ Love your enemies and pray for those who prosecute You”; Jesus called God ABBA(fr.); Gained reputation for healer/miracle worker

Jesus took sharp social and political edge and spoke against powerful and was associated with poor people.

St. Paul

An early convert whose missionary (Preaching to foreign people in hopes of conversion) In eastern Roman Empire led to founding of Christian communities

Argued that the good news was for everyone not just Jews

Non-Jews

Attracted to the inclusive message which helped gradually spread through Roman Empire after Jesus’s death

In Roman world, the strongest feature was its exclusive monotheism

Strict monotheism

Strictly belief in one God and antagonsim to all other supernatural powers, particularly culture of emperors

This denial of other gods tagged Christian as atheist and began the persecution during the first three centuries of common era

Emperor Constantine (313 AD)

Ended persecution of Christians in early fourth century by his conversion, and soon after his proclamation that Christianity was the state religion

State religion

Official religion of the specific area

Spread of Christianity

Spread across Roman Empire and beyond through missionary and other followers converting people

Christian developed elaborate hierarchal organization as Christianity spread

Hierarchal organization of Christianity

Patriarch, bishops, and priests (All men) replaced house, churches; a system of ranking throughout Christian faith

Monostacism

Way of living in a religious way that is isolated from others; included a return to God through attention to classic disciplines of chastity, prayer, fasting, confession, good, obedience, and vigil

Bishop of Rome

Do emerge dominant leader of the western half of Christianity, but was sharply contested in the east

later it contributed to the split of Roman Catholic and eastern orthodox branches of Christianity that continues today

Theological logical differences of eastern orthodox, and western Roman Catholic Church?

East did not believe in the pope or that Jesus proceed from God

East doesn’t believe in purgatory

east fast almost half the year, and their kids are immediately involved in the church

Islam/ Muslim

Means submission

Third religion of the Abraham family

Born in seventh century BCE in emerged Arabs into world history

Emergence of company by empire from Spain to India, yet the religion reached further

From land of pastoral people hurting sheep camels, but some regions of settled agricultural communities

Based on prophet Muhammad’s revelations,

challenged tribal and clan structure of Arab society, which was prone to war

Mecca

Sophisticated commercial city within the Arabia Islam is from linked to long distance, trading roots, a hub of trade and religion

The Arabia located between Byzantine Empire

Muhammand Ibn Abdullah

trader from Mecca, who was deeply troubled by religious and social inequalities of Mecca, often took periods of withdrawal and meditation and mountains outside of the city

In the mountains, he had a powerful religious experience that left him (reluctantly) convinced that he was Allahs messenger to the Arabs

Quran

The revolutions of Muhammad Ibn Abdullah that began in 110 and periodically continued over 22 years

Sacred scripture of Islam, which Muslims regard as the words of God and core of their faith

Other people not Mohammed wrote after his death and they were collected and put together

Hadith

Report of the Saints actions or approvals of Mohammed; second only to Quran in terms of religious authority and serves as guidance for daily living

Huge compared to Quran

Roots in Judaism/ Christianity

in it’s exalted conception of the Mohammed, revelations drew heavily on tradition of monotheism

Five Pillars of Islam

1)Faith (shahada)-Declaration of no other gods, but Allah and Mohammed is the prophet

2)Prayer (salah)- muslims required to pray five times a day facing Mecca: includes bowing kneeling and prostrations

3) almsgiving (zakat) -Give portion of wealth to those in need

4)Fasting in Ramadan (sawm) from Dawn to Sunset during Ramadan develop self-discipline spiritual growth and empathy for less fortunate, also abstain from sexual relations

5). Pilgrimage to Mecca (haij) must pilgrimage to Mecca (if able)once during a specific Islamic month to remote unity and submission to Allah, if able to

Umma

Just and moral Society of Islam community of all blurs, which replaced tribal, ethical and racial identities

Women to Had honored a Spiritually equal place

Ways to be community regard of land, language, or race

Muhammad conquest of Arabia

Mohammed was turning to authorities in Mecca and was forced to leave, but unlike Jesus ones in a position to resist because there was no overwhelming forced to compete with like the romans

Gathered an army and by 630 ce, largely unified Arabia under banner Islam

Began it’s history as new state while Christianity was at odds; The new state became huge empire after Muhammad‘s death in 632 CE

Many places converted after Muhammad‘s death

Sunni/ Shia

Confusion over who succeeds Mohammed led to Civil War into division of war, came to known as the Sunni/Shia branches of Islam

Two different branches of Islam that arose because political divides were Muhammad‘s death started political, but soon got deeper

Shia

Saw themselves as minority of Muslims felt history took a wrong turn, and “they were defenders of oppressed critics of powerful and privilege”

Sunnis

Advocate of established order

Larger of the two new branches of Islam

Ulama

Learned scholars who served as judges, interpreters, admin, prayer leaders, and readers of Quran, but especially as preservers and teachers of Islamic law

Began in 11 century colleges offered more advanced instruction of Quran grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, math, medicine, and law

Considered the international elite and bound together diverse civilization

Sharia

Legal system of Islamic world; derived from Quran and Hadiths from Ulama

Sufis

Paralleled the education network of Sharias

Viewed worldly success of Islamic civilizations as distraction and deviation from pure spirituality of Mohammed’s time

Represented my dimension with divine

Pursued an interior life seeking to tame ego and achieve spiritual union with allah

World History: Interactions

Interactions have been happening since pre-Columbus

Also, civilizations has some sort of interaction with another civilization

*Empires with large states and trade are the two forms of interaction between civilizations

Silk Road

Trade route from China to the Mediterranean

Sea Roads

The sea silk roads

Sahara Roads

Northern Africa to Mediterranean with land peoples of interior western Africa

Religion+Historians

historians believe a bias and religion can cause misunderstandings and tension within history so they do not like talking about it

PROBLEMS W/ RELIGION IN HISTORY

1) change – religions try to establish that they have timeless beginnings from beyond, but historians believe religions changes as much as humans. (Example: Buddhism evolution to Theravada and Mahayana)

2) experience with divine beings – though they can’t be valid or if you did, they are taken serious; significant mover and shape of the historical process

3) Which is authentic versions of faith – don’t take sides, but knows the conflicting views of religions

4) reconciling personal religious convictions with perspectives of modern historical scholarship- recognize human effort and significance of religious traditions which shaped meanings people attach to the world and justified, social inequalities, and oppressive states of human civilizations, but also helped people with perseverance and stimulated rebellion